日本的房地产税收制度与调控效应及其启示

本文回顾描述了日本土地财税制度的建立与调整过程,重点分析了20世纪80年代以来日本经济发展过程中土地税收政策的运用调整及其效应。在我国当前房地产市场发展面临诸多问题与争议的情况下,日本在房地产税收方面的历史经验与教训,对于我国改革完善房地产税收制度和运用税收政策调控房地产市场具有较好的借鉴意义。     

论税收对要素收入分配的影响

我国自1994年分税制改革以来,一方面税收收入保持高速增长,另一方面国民收入分配格局发生显著变化——劳动要素分配份额迅速下滑,资本要素分配份额逐渐上升。本文的理论分析表明,税收通过替代效应和收入效应影响要素收入分配,前者改变了生产中要素相对投入比例,从而改变了税前要素收益率,后者则是通过直接税影响到税后要素收益率。本文利用系统GMM估计进行的实证分析表明,我国税收对要素收入分配具有明显影响:就直接税而言,企业所得税降低了资本分配份额,个人所得税中对劳动征税部分降低了劳动分配份额;就间接税而言,增值税明显降低劳动分配份额但对资本分配份额的影响不明显,营业税明显降低资本分配份额而对劳动分配份额的影响不明显。因此,如果从有利于调整要素收入分配格局角度考虑,我国有必要进一步调整现行税收政策、完善税收制度。     

A choice experiment on fuel taxation and earmarking in Norway

Pigouvian taxes are efficient — but unpopular among voters — and hence often politically infeasible. Earmarking of revenues has been widely reported to increase public support for taxes, but earmarking is generally not the most efficient use of the revenues. This trade-off between efficiency and political feasibility is the motivation for our primary research objective: to quantify the effect of earmarking on support for fuel tax rises. Our secondary research objective is to investigate why earmarking increases support. Using data from a representative sample of the Norwegian voter population (N = 1147), we estimate models of voter preferences for fuel taxes using logistic regression models. Our results show that, in the absence of earmarking, the majority of voters would like to reduce fuel taxes, but earmarking the revenues for environmental measures has a substantial effect on voter support for fuel tax increases, garnering a majority for increases of up to 15% above present levels. Further analysis indicates that a prime reason why earmarking for environmental measures is popular is that it increases the perceived environmental effectiveness of the tax, and hence its legitimacy as an environmental rather than a fiscal policy instrument.     

收入不平等、政策偏向与最优财政再分配政策

本文构建的理论模型探讨了收入不平等、政策偏向与最优财政再分配之间的关系。模型显示:政策偏向是收入不平等与财政再分配恶性循环的决定因素。当政策偏向于穷人时,最优财政再分配系统的选择是提高税率,扩大对穷人的转移支付;当政策偏向于富人时,最优财政再分配系统的选择是降低税率,减少对穷人的转移支付。依据中国数据的实证研究发现:(1)中国收入不平等不断恶化,针对恶化的不平等而采取的财政再分配政策效果差,没能扭转不平等恶化趋势,政策偏向严重。(2)税收再分配政策偏向富人,使富人税负相对轻于穷人,居民收入不平等加剧;偏向于穷人的转移支付多为消费券(物),导致越扶越贫。为此,需要从调整所得税和转移支付政策等方面采取相关对策。     

Member-organization connection impacts in affinity marketing

Affinity marketing collaboration is a growing practice in the marketplace, yet theories to explain its influence are scarce in the literature. This study suggests two complementary cause-related effects stemming from an organization's connection with its members to explain the underlying mechanism of affinity marketing. The convergent findings of a survey and an experiment reveal that the responses of consumers in affinity marketing are both empathetic and particularistic. These characteristics distinguish affinity marketing from general commercial co-branding and from cause-related strategies which call for sympathetic and altruistic responses. These effects are more pronounced among individuals with a high interdependent orientation in collectivistic cultures. The dual influence of these effects makes affinity marketing an ideal marketing strategy for improving customer loyalty in the more interdependent societies in Asia.     

中国税收分类专业化管理探析

国际社会,特别是发达市场经济国家是税收专业化管理探索的先行者,税收分类专业化管理的国际启示为中国税收分类专业化管理探析提供了经验框架。作为后起步的转轨市场经济国家的中国,由于相关理论、经验指导的缺位,或认知的不到位,中国税收分类专业化管理探索之路异常艰辛,与国际规范仍有较大距离。因此,当以国际经验为座标,探寻中国税收分类专业化管理演进的方向和路径。     

浅议接受非货币性资产捐赠时会计处理与税收实务的同一性

文章探讨了在执行新会计准则的情况下,应当如何认识接受非货币性捐赠资产时会计处理与税务处理同一性。以减少会计与税法不必要的差异问题。     

纳税筹划:新会计准则与税法协调的方向

纳税筹划是纳税人进行财务管理的手段,其最终目标应当与企业财务管理目标相一致,即实现企业价值最大化。但是,纳税筹划具有风险性和条件性,并不是所有的筹划方案都是可行的,筹划方案必须经过主管税务部门的认可才可执行。     

对我国出口退税政策效果的实证分析及反思

本文以我国出口退税政策的实际效果为研究对象,对出口退税政策的经济效应进行理论分析,并运用Spearman秩相关分析方法对我国出口退税政策的实际效果进行实证分析。实证研究表明：出口退税对我国出口额的促进作用并不显著,国外需求才是影响我国出口额的主要因素,而且出口退税会恶化我国价格贸易条件,加大通货膨胀压力。基于理论和实证的研究结果,本文提出了相应的政策建议。