Payments for environmental services to promote “climate‐smart agriculture”? Potential and challenges

Payments for environmental services (PES) have gained wide popularity as approaches to promote environmentally friendly land use or agricultural production practices. Yet academics have also voiced concerns against seeing PES as a panacea. This article discusses whether PES is an appropriate and promising approach to promote so‐called “climate‐smart agriculture” (CSA) practices, which we define as agricultural production practices that contribute to CO₂ emission reductions and/or removals and provide benefits to farmers via increased productivity and profits and reduced vulnerability to climate change. PES appears most promising for the promotion of CSA practices in small‐scale farming contexts with low incomes. Effective design, however, requires solid estimates of cost and benefit flows from CSA adoption over time, accounting for differences in socioeconomic and ecological conditions, and addressing the risk of leakage. Funding for such PES will likely have to come from public sources, and seems most promising where synergies with other objectives such as agricultural development, food security, and climate adaptation or other environmental services exist. The potential of alternative approaches for CSA support such as taxation with rebates for CSA practices, CSA‐related investment support such as microcredits, and hybrid approaches such as conditional microcredit should be further investigated.     

我国经济内部失衡与外部失衡关系的实证分析——基于存贷差和外汇储备变动量的关系

我国经济主要面临内部失衡和外部失衡的矛盾,即存贷差过大和外汇储备过多的矛盾。本文经过理论模型的推导,证明了存贷差和外汇储备之间存在一定的关系．并通过实证分析对这一关系进行检验,发现存贷差是外汇储备的格兰杰原因。     

双顺差条件下的中国经济增长

在构建一个双顺差约束条件下经济增长模型的基础上,对我国的国际收支平衡状况与经济增长率之间的关系进行实证分析.研究结果表明,双顺差的国际收支结构对经济增长具有双重的效应,对经济增长是否具有积极影响取决于条件的变化.近年来我国国民经济增长与国际收支双顺差之间已经形成高度的相关性,双顺差的结构反映出经济运行过程中存在着的潜在问题,同时,经常项目顺差与资本项目顺差之间已经开始出现相互强化的关系,降低国内资源配置效率的消极作用日趋明显,将会严重地增加我国经济运行的外部风险.     

对外开放格局下承接农业产业转移对现代农业发展的影响研究

加快现代农业发展是十二五期间我国农业发展的重要战略。在国际及国内区际产业转移背景下,承接农业产业转移对承接地区现代农业发展具有重要的推动作用,一是推动农业技术体系的转型和升级,二是推动农业生产方式的全面革新,三是推动现代农业产业结构体系的形成。必须创新农业发展策略,以发挥承接农业产业转移对现代农业发展的积极作用,加快现代农业发展。     

管理层收购中国有股权转让价格的辩析

MBO价格低于每股净资产值,其中最重要的一点就是对企业管理层历史贡献的合理补偿,这也是对企业家人力资本价值的承认,是按要素分配原则的体现。     

我国国际收支双顺差态势的路径选择

从当代经济全球化与国际分工深化角度的研究表明,产品内分工、加工贸易的蓬勃发展是我国持续国际收支双顺差及外汇储备激增的根源。持续双顺差的格局可能给我国经济运行带来一些问题。应从以下方面作出政策调整:转变外贸政策;增加政府及公共支出,使国内储蓄顺利转化为国内投资;不断完善外汇储备制度,成立专门外汇投资公司。     

市场竞争、东道国引资政策与跨国公司的技术转移

在一个两阶段古诺竞争模型基础上,本文研究了东道国引资政策对跨国公司技术转移的影响,结果显示,跨国公司对东道国的技术转移取决于东道国市场竞争程度、本地企业的模仿能力与跨国公司的技术转移成本。在东道国企业模仿能力有限的情况下,跨国公司低技术的直接投资将损害东道国企业,从而降低东道国的国民福利水平;文章同时研究了市场竞争对跨国公司技术转移的影响,结果表明,对东道国来说,维持一个适度有序竞争的国内市场,同时对跨国公司的直接投资进行有选择地甄别与吸收,比单纯的竞争战略更有利于跨国公司的技术转移与技术扩散。     

Transfer payments from the central government to the local governments and the local governments' efforts on taxation: taking China as an example

The influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments on the local governments' efforts on taxation must be taken into consideration by every country for the design of the transfer payments. Based on the theoretical analysis on the influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments on the local governments'payments, this paper indicates that the local governments'efforts on taxation depends on the demand elasticity of the district for public goods. It increases with the increase of the elasticityλ.Judge the degree of the local government's efforts on taxation by measureλ. After an empirical analysis on the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments from 2000 to 2004, thins paper gets the conclusion that the local governments'efforts on taxation abates with the increase of supporting payments or with the increase of the ratio of transfer payments to local willing public payments. Under specific circumstances, the higher the ratio of transfer payments to the local fiscal expenditure is, the smaller the local governments' efforts on taxation is under the central payments, whereas the higher the local income is, the higher the efforts is under the eentral payments. Based on this. this paper gives the meanmg of its corresponding policies.     

中国转移支付制度规范过程中的利益分化与整合——新制度经济学视角下对中国转移支付演变的一个解释

中国的分税制自实行以来,在各类转移支付的演化过程中,税收返还制度保持了较好的刚性,一般性转移支付的分配规则较为完善,但执行机制普遍较弱,而专项转移支付的分配规则和执行机制均不完善。分析表明,分配规则和执行机制完善与否是中央、地方政府、主管部委以及相关领导者利益博弈的结果,他们之间不同的利益需求及力量对比可能是中国财政转移支付变迁的动因之一,而坚持推进制度化则是16年来转移支付改革的基本逻辑。