Moving beyond the transfer dyad: Exploring network influences on transfer effectiveness

There is a wealth of research analyzing sender-receiver transfers within multinational corporations focusing on the characteristics of (a) the sender, (b) the receiver, (c) the knowledge subject to transfer, and (d) the immediate transfer context. However, less is known about how networks external to the sender-receiver transfer dyad influence the outcomes of a transfer project. In this paper, we focus on the receiving subunits' internal and external networks and how embedded actors in these networks influence transfer effectiveness. More specifically, by means of an inductive multiple-case study, we explore how internal and external networks of subunits influence the effectiveness of capability transfers from headquarters to subunits. We study 18 transfers of the same capability from headquarters to subunits’ innovation projects. We theorize about how the capacity and configuration of receiving subunits’ networks can have a unique and detrimental influence on transfer effectiveness. The results of our study suggest that the receiver in a transfer project is not so much a specific unit as a network.     

地权稳定与农业生产

本文以《农村土地承包法》在省一级层面的实施作为政策冲击,研究稳定的农村土地承包经营权对农业生产效率等的影响及其作用机制。主要研究结论如下:第一,稳定的农地承包经营权能够增强经营主体对未来的确定性预期,保障各方市场主体的合法权益,活跃土地流转并有效提升农业生产效率;第二,《农村土地承包法》的实施促进了农户转出而非转入土地,农业生产效率提升主要源自稳定产权的直接激励效应以及由此带来的资源配置效率改进,稳定的农地产权能够促进土地有效流转,优化农户农业生产与劳动配置决策;第三,地权稳定性改革有效缓解了因人口流出与区位劣势造成的农业生产效率损失,显著提高了农户的务工收入以及整体收入水平。本文研究结论表明,合理的制度设计能够提升农业生产效率,提高农村土地和劳动力资源的配置效率。清晰的产权设计、合理的预期管理是实现市场化资源配置的必要条件。     

A common thread linking the design of guarantee and nonescalating payments of public annuities

Motivated by recent experiences in economies adopting the defined-contribution pension system, we study public annuities in the presence of survival probability heterogeneity. It is found that the difference of annuitization-weighted and unweighted averages of survival probabilities is a useful measure of the severity of adverse selection. We then examine public annuities with a guarantee feature which bundles annuity income and bequeathable wealth components. We show that when the heterogeneity in survival probability is limited, the magnitude of guarantee proportion is irrelevant. On the other hand, an increase in the guarantee proportion mitigates adverse selection when the extent of heterogeneity is sufficiently large, because the share of annuity purchase by retirees with lower (resp., higher) survival probabilities is increased (resp., decreased). We also obtain a similar set of results for public annuities with nonescalating payments. The results have useful implications regarding the design of public annuities.     

我国高校技术转移机构建设模式与策略选择

技术转移是创新成果转化的重要途径，专业化技术转移机构建设成为解决科技成果转化“最后一公里”问题的重要突破口。首先，从运行机理上将高校技术转移机构建设模式划分为内部型技术转移办公室（TTO）、外部型技术转移公司（TTC）和混合型（TTH）。其次，基于高校学科类型、高校科研规模和转移机构级别3个维度探究高校技术转移机构建设模式最优选择策略。最后，以湖北高校技术转移机构为例进行实证分析。研究发现：科研实力弱、科技成果少、技术转移需求低的文科类和教学型高校适合采用TTC模式；科研实力强、科技成果多、技术转移需求高的理工类和研究型高校适合采用TTO模式；层次高、机构发展成熟的综合类高校适合采用TTH模式。研究结论有利于厘清高校技术转移机构建设模式的适用条件，为今后我国高校技术转移机构建设和运营提供参考。     

中国内地31省市高校专利转让差异与政策研究

高校是国家创新体系的重要组成部分，存有丰富的专利资源，专利运营对促进高校科技成果转化为实际生产力具有重要意义。专利转让是专利运营的一种重要方式，探讨高校专利转让是否存在地区差异，分析地方政府及高校促进专利转让的相关政策及制度，对促进我国高校专利转化、“盘活”高校现有专利资源具有重要意义。基于IncoPat平台检索中国内地31省市高校发明专利转让数据，发现不同地区间高校发明专利转让数量存在差异；运用聚类分析法将中国内地31省市划分为4个类别，并对前3类地区技术优势进行分析，探讨发明专利转让效果显著省市及高校出台的相关政策。结果发现，江苏在不同技术领域均具有明显优势且高校发明专利转让总量位居全国第一，清华大学与上海交通大学发明专利转让数量分别位居全国第一、第二；各级地方政府及相关部门虽然出台政策对高校专利转让进行宏观指导，但高校需要结合自身实际情况制定更加具体、系统化的政策促进高校专利转让。     

Central bank digital currencies and the international payment system: The demise of the US dollar?

The international monetary system is marked by a hierarchical relationship between currencies, where the US dollar is widely used. Recently, central banks have started to launch Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs), which, in contrast to cryptocurrencies, are issued by monetary authorities. The purpose of this paper is (i) to analyse and explain domestic retail CBDCs in detail, and (ii) to assess whether the creation of CBDCs poses a threat to the US dollar as the key currency of the international monetary and financial system. It will be argued that, despite the innovations a CBDC may bring, the role of the US dollar will not be affected by the introduction of multiple CBDCs (mCBDCs) alone. Although mCBDC arrangements might decentralise the international payment system, the underlying structures supporting today's unipolar system would not automatically change. It is crucial that central banks work together to establish an alternative international monetary system.     

秘密握手协议、生产率传递与工资的规模溢价

头部企业为什么能打破市场均衡而将生产率优势转化为工资租？理论分析表明,市场份额越大,雇主与雇员之间越易达成“秘密握手协议”,即通过联合来操纵劳动供给,以抬高人均生产率并进行分割。在这一过程中,员工分割比例虽有所下降,但不足以抵消人均生产率上升的影响,进而产生工资租。以上市公司为例,市场份额位于前10%的头部企业,人均生产率对工资的传递力度仅比市场份额位于中位值附近的企业低4%,但人均生产率却高出40%以上,直接导致了较高的工资优势。进一步借鉴Blanchard and Summers(1986)的方法进行检验,发现头部企业确实存在更明显的“合谋”迹象,程度比中位值附近的企业高出近一倍。“秘密握手协议”的本质是通过限制劳动力流动阻碍工资均等化,在扎实推进共同富裕的道路上,不仅要反产品市场垄断,也要防范不合理攫取生产率红利的行为。     

技术关联、技术转移对区域技术演化的影响——以成渝地区双城经济圈为例

技术演化是区域实现高质量发展的关键动力。基于1999-2019年成渝地区142个县（市区）、637个专利技术领域的面板数据，考察技术关联、技术转移对成渝地区技术演化的影响，并进一步讨论区域发展阶段和技术含量的异质性作用。研究发现，技术关联、技术转移对区域技术演化均存在促进作用，同时，技术关联在先发地区和低技术含量领域的作用更显著，而技术转移在后发地区和高技术含量领域的作用更显著。进一步研究发现，技术关联、技术转移对区域技术演化存在“倒U”型影响，邻近地区技术演化对本地具有溢出效应。基于上述研究结论，建议成渝地区同时发挥技术关联与技术转移的作用，在发达区域技术关联强的领域加大要素投入，鼓励技术落后区域进行技术引进，加强区域协作，破除研发要素流动壁垒。     

基于多重制度逻辑的国际技术转移新态势探析

国际技术转移是创新要素在国家间流动的重要方式，事关国家创新发展与安全。有别于一般市场交易活动，国际技术转移受各类制度因素的影响更为显著。基于制度逻辑，从国家竞争、科技发展、社会进步和市场主体方面构建国际技术转移多维分析框架，发现国际技术转移呈现出一些新特征：越来越受国际政治与经济局势影响，国家安全成为影响国际技术转移的重要因素；各类国际科技竞争使国际技术转移复杂化，而科技合作则有效促进国际技术转移；气候、能源和健康领域的技术转移受到广泛关注；产业升级给国际技术转移带来新需求。进一步分析我国国际技术转移的制度进展，以期为我国更好地开展国际技术转移活动提供有益参考。     

Effects of direct payments on rice income variability in Japan*

The effects of direct payments on rice income variability in Japan are analysed based on a balanced panel dataset of Japanese rice farms for 2012–2016. Firstly, the contribution of income components to rice income variability and the effects of a direct payment reduction are discussed by applying variance decomposition. Secondly, robust regression techniques are used to measure the correlation between direct payments and rice income variability. The originality of this paper is that it disaggregates the effects of payments using a regression analysis of the effects of direct payments on income variability for Japan. This contrasts with the existing literature on this topic, which has largely focused on European Union countries. This paper discusses to what degree the reduction in direct payments increases income variability. The results reveal that direct payments decrease Japanese rice income variability. Indeed, after controlling for various farm characteristics, we find a negative relationship between the amount of direct payments linked to rice production and rice income variability. Finally, the results suggest that reducing direct payments when the rice price is falling would increase rice income variability.