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991.
Prior to the enactment of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 the rate of formation of defined benefit retirement plans exceeded the rate of formation of defined contribution retirement plans. Following its enactment the trend has been reversed. This article reviews the development of public policy with respect to privately sponsored retirement benefits, takes note of the legislatively mandated regulatory distinctions between defined benefit and defined contribution plans, outlines the distinctions between the plans from the perspective of plan sponsors versus plan participants, and questions the appropriateness of the movement away from defined benefit plans in terms of public policy objectives regarding retirement income security. 相似文献
992.
Nick Johnstone 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1996,8(3):367-374
In this paper an analysis of the U.K. government's air pollution emissions policy for the residential sector is undertaken. The analysis covers emissions arising from water and space heating, electric appliances and cooking appliances. Using an integrated economic-engineering model, the effects of the Energy Savings Trust and the imposition of Value Added Tax on residential fuel will be evaluated in terms of energy consumption and pollution emissions. It is found that the initial proposed policy was not sufficiently stringent to meet the government's environmental objectives, and that subsequent events have undermined the government's programme even further. Unless alternative policies are introduced, emissions from the residential sector will play an important role in jeopardizing the ability of the U.K. government to meet its international obligations. 相似文献
993.
This paper is the first attempt to analyze ITC Commissioner voting behavior on sunset reviews of antidumping cases. Sunset
determinations entail greater complexity than initial antidumping investigations because ITC commissioners must account for
the impact of dumping protection as well as competitive forces on industry conditions. Empirical findings indicate that ITC
voting is based on both sunset regulation and nonstatutory factors. Results reveal apparent biases against Chinese competitors
and poorer nations generally, and favorable treatment toward U.S. steel producers and high-wage industries. There is also
evidence of preferential treatment of industries located in states of Senate oversight committee members. JEL no. F13 相似文献
994.
Productivity and the Euro-Dollar exchange rate 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This article analyses the impact of productivity developments in the United States and the euro area on the euro-dollar exchange
rate. The article presents a new measure of relative average labour, productivity (ALP) which does not suffer from the biases
implicit in readily available relative ALP data. Importantly, the patterns of these series differ widely. Employing the Johansen
cointegration framework, four models are estimated using four different productivity proxies. Our results indicate that the
extent to which productivity can explain the euro depreciation varies with the productivity proxy used: readily available
measures explain most, our new, preferred measure least. In all models, however, productivity can explain only a fraction
of the actual euro depreciation experienced in 1999–2000. JEL no. F31, C32, O47
The views expressed in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Central Bank
or its staff. 相似文献
995.
“Set a Sufficiently Ambitious Budget Target and Let the Automatic Stabilizers Work”. Will it Really Work in the European Monetary Union? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We examine the popular recipe in the title by means of an AD-LM-AS two-country model of the EMU, controlling for asymmetry in demand and supply shocks and in the monetary-policy transmission mechanism. Unless structural symmetry holds and symmetric shock occurs, national automatic stabilizers, even though supplemented with the common monetary policy, cannot deliver optimal stabilization in each economy. Inflation and output gaps are not closed and may be divergent in sign. Considering that a federal system of inter-regional insurance is lacking, the recipe under examination is too optimistic, while serious threat to EMU cohesion may arise. The econometric estimates we present show that existing national fiscal systems work very poorly as for the minimization, after shocks, of the dispersion of national incomes around the EMU average. 相似文献
996.
997.
In May 2001, the US Government's National Energy Policy DevelopmentGroup proposed to increase investment in domestic oil resourcesand to diversify further the sourcing of US oil imports by increasingproduction in new petroleum provinces. The paper argues thatboth strands of this policy are dependent upon a third, unstated,objectiveto ensure that OPEC retains sufficient marketpower to prevent the sort of collapse in world oil prices thatoccurred in 199899. The consequences of that collapse,when the real price of US oil fell to its lowest level in 53years, are explored. Finally, it is argued that the outcomeof the crisis was a rapprochement between OPEC and the US. Itis suggested that the consensus between the US and OPEC as tothe desired range within which the world oil price should moveis likely to survive any temporary political disturbances. 相似文献
998.
Hubert Gabrisch Maria-Luigia Segnana 《MOCT-MOST: Economic Policy in Transitional Economies》2001,11(1):27-46
The purpose of this study is to find empirical evidence for the assumption that trade liberalization unlocks the potential of the Transition Economies (TEs) to achieve technological upgrading, productivity progress and catching-up (in terms of income). The study examines the trade structure now emerging between the European Union (EU) and the TEs in the light of two sets of differently liberalized trade items identified by the European Agreements. The aim is to determine whether trade liberalization has helped to supersede the structures – reflected mainly in the low quality of products – inherited by the TEs from the command economy. The empirical results are interpreted in the light of the Flam-Helpman quality-cycle model. We find evidence of an ongoing division of labor between high quality products (EU) and low quality products (TEs) according to a cycle. The first stage comprises the already well established dominance of quality advantage products by EU countries producing and exporting high-quality products, which crowd out the TEs' production of similar products. The second stage is the exploitation of cost-advantages by TEs in less liberalized trade, and there they appear to achieve better results. All these results may be taken as support for an active government in TEs. 相似文献
999.
牧运前 《安徽工业大学学报(社会科学版)》2001,18(2):56-57
决策方案的实施执行,是达到战略目标取得预期效果的重要阶段,在这一阶段中,决策的执行是取得胜利的关键,“失街亭”的故事说明了决策执行的重要性。 相似文献
1000.
While many studies have investigated the link between macroeconomic events and equity market volatility, few have considered the impact on option implied volatilities. Given the recent focus on trading in implied volatility, in the context of the S&P 500 VIX index, this paper examines how the VIX index behaves around US monetary policy announcements. It is revealed that the VIX index falls significantly on the day of Federal Open Market Committee meetings. 相似文献