This article examines the historical developments of the institutionalist theory of the business enterprise since the early 1900s in order to demonstrate its distinctive characteristics that are often overlooked or belittled by some institutional-evolutionary economists and most mainstream economists. I argue that the institutionalist theory is an evolving and emergent theory, which bears a reciprocal, evolutionary, and cumulative relationship between the business enterprise and society. The institutionalist theory is, therefore, suitable for the understanding of the real-world business enterprise as it can be modified and refined along with the evolution of capitalism. The article begins with a discussion of the present state of the institutionalist theory. The following section is devoted to the major contributions to the institutionalist theory situated in the evolution of U.S. capitalism. The penultimate section provides a critical discussion of new institutional and evolutionary approaches to the firm. The article concludes with a brief discussion as to what should be done for the further development of the institutionalist theory of the business enterprise. 相似文献
The paper firstly represents two kind statements of China money multipliers and theoretically analyzes the relationship between each structure factor and China money multiplier. Secondly, it summarizes the several features and the move trends of China narrow and broad money multipliers and their structure factors. Thirdly, the paper empirically analyzes how and what degree the each structure factor affects China narrow and broad money multipliers holding everything else constant. At last two important conclusions are got, that is, the required reserve ratio is the most associated with China money multipliers and the saving deposit ratio is more associated with that, the required reserve ratio and the interest rates can be used as the ways of affecting money aggregate by the People＇s Bank of China. 相似文献
Abstract The aim of the paper is to show that Smith has a theory of economic history grounded in a politico-economic modeling (as well as a sort of economic theoretical modeling). In terms of the politico-economic approach, in the Wealth of Nations (Book III.ii–iv) Smith tried to offer a systematic account of economic development from feudalism to capitalism in Europe. These lead to suggest that the seeming internal inconsistency between the natural and the actual courses of progress in Book III may be resolved, and that Smith may be treated as a precursor of Douglass North, who stressed an inextricable link between the polity and the economy in economic history. 相似文献
We test for convergence in disaggregated petroleum consumption at the sector level for the United States using the recently proposed GARCH unit root test, suitable for high frequency data. We find evidence of convergence for just over half of the series, including total petroleum consumption in each sector and approximately three quarters of the disaggregated petroleum consumption series in transportation. 相似文献
Most of the existing studies investigating the impact of schizophrenia on utility have focused on the different stages of the disease. The objective of this study was to describe and quantify the impact of treatment-related side-effects on utility in patients with schizophrenia, using data from an observational study.
Methods:
This study used data from the European Schizophrenia Cohort (EuroSC), a multi-center 2-year cohort study conducted in France, England, and Germany. The EQ-5D questionnaire was completed every 6 months, as well as the Subjective Side Effect Rating Scale, assessing patient distress over extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), weight gain, sedation, and sexual dysfunction, used to assess whether or not the patient experienced the side-effect. At first a bivariate analysis was conducted to describe utility values with and without side-effects. Then, a random effects regression analysis was performed on utility, where random effects were controlled for repeated measures on the same subjects, with potential confounding factors. Finally, findings were compared with those of previous publications.
Results:
This sample consisted of 1208 patients with schizophrenia. At the baseline visit, the most reported side-effect was EPS (almost 60% of patients), followed by sedation and weight gain (～50% of patients for each), and sexual dysfunction (almost 30% of patients). Significant association with severity of symptoms, functioning abilities, and utility were found. Patients reporting none of the studied side-effects had an average EQ-5D index score of 0.81, found to be higher than scores of patients reporting EPS (0.70), sexual dysfunction (0.67), sedation (0.70), or weight gain (0.72). The random effects model reported a utility decrement of 0.042 for EPS, 0.022 for weight gain, 0.022 for sexual dysfunction, and 0.019 for sedation. Although the external validation was difficult due to the different methods or definitions of the side-effects, as well as the paucity of data for weight gain, sedation and sexual dysfunction, the results were generally consistent with previous studies.
Conclusion:
This study aimed at quantifying the direct impact of main side-effects associated with antipsychotics on patients’ utility. Results suggested a significant direct impact of side-effects, with EPS being the most impactful. 相似文献
