控股股东和财务杠杆的激励功能

以上海证券交易所的747家上市公司2003年的横截面数据为样本,检验了财务杠杆与公司价值之间的经验关系,考察了控股股东性质对财务杠杆价值效应的影响.结果发现,财务杠杆对公司价值(成长性)具有显著的积极效应;另外,控股股东性质对财务杠杆的价值效应和激励功能具有显著的影响,财务杠杆在法人控股的公司中能够发挥更有效的激励作用.     

Extreme spectral risk measures: An application to futures clearinghouse margin requirements

This paper applies the extreme-value (EV) generalised pareto distribution to the extreme tails of the return distributions for the S&P500, FT100, DAX, Hang Seng, and Nikkei225 futures contracts. It then uses tail estimators from these contracts to estimate spectral risk measures, which are coherent risk measures that reflect a user’s risk-aversion function. It compares these to VaR and expected shortfall (ES) risk measures, and compares the precision of their estimators. It also discusses the usefulness of these risk measures in the context of clearinghouses setting initial margin requirements, and compares these to the SPAN measures typically used.     

Asymptotic behaviour of mean-quantile efficient portfolios

In this paper we investigate portfolio optimization in the Black–Scholes continuous-time setting under quantile based risk measures: value at risk, capital at risk and relative value at risk. We show that the optimization results are consistent with Merton’s two-fund separation theorem, i.e., that every optimal strategy is a weighted average of the bond and Merton’s portfolio. We present optimization results for constrained portfolios with respect to these risk measures, showing for instance that under value at risk, in better markets and during longer time horizons, it is optimal to invest less into the risky assets.This research was partially supported by the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the Mathematics of Information Technology and Complex Systems (MITACS) Network of Centres of Excellence.     

The Role of Retail Prices and Promotions in Determining Cigarette Brand Market Shares

Over the past two decades, two forms of price competition have emerged within the cigarette industry: the introduction and spread of discount and deep discount cigarettes and the increased use of price-related promotions. In this paper, we use quarterly market-level, scanner-based data on cigarette prices, promotions, and sales for 50 US markets over the period from 1994-IV through 2002-II to examine the impact of price and promotions on market shares for premium, discount, and deep discount brand cigarettes. Our estimates indicate that changes in relative prices, including those resulting from promotions, account for much of observed changes in market shares.     

Role of competences in creating customer value: A value-creation logic approach

This paper addresses the issue through what kind of competences companies are producing value for their business customers. First, a value typology, clarifying the complex character of value, is constructed, together with suggestions on how the question of value creation can be framed. In order to understand and manage supplier-customer relationships, it essential to comprehend how both customers and suppliers perceive value and their roles in value creation. The matching of customers' and suppliers' perspectives is discussed by developing a framework depicting the business-to-business marketing types. Then the competences needed for creating value for customers and suppliers alike are examined by identifying what kind of competences are required in each marketing type.     

债券资本成本计算方法的改进

资本成本是财务决策的重要指标。本文阐述了资本成本的内涵及其特点,分析了现行债券资本成本计算方法的局限性。用等值平均法对费用进行调整,推导出了在不同情况下计算债券资本成本的正确公式。     

变结构／变初值准混沌滚动密钥产生器

本文首先指出传统的滚动密钥产生器，在滚动密钥生成的过程中，状态转移函数和输出函数的结构初值及其状态初值都是固定的不变的，因此，利用在道中截取足够长的数据，原则上，总是可以破译的。鉴于此，我们在数字或准混沌意义上，采用综合算法提出了变结构／变初值准混沌滚动密钥产生器，使之在滚动密钥的生成过程中，状态转移函数和输出函数每一个字节都更新一次结构初值和状态初值，且永不重复、不可预测。在未建立综合数字之前，     

On Sraffa's Standard commodity

The necessity of expressing the relative price of a commodityin terms of another commodity makes it impossible to distinguishthat part of any change that can be ascribed to the characteristicsof the commodity itself from the part of that change that isto be ascribed to the characteristics of the commodity of reference,i.e., the numéraire. Ricardo (1817) was the first topoint out this problem and the need to find an ‘invariablemeasure of value’, but he was not able to solve the problem.In 1960, Sraffa suggested using a bundle of commodities, thathe called ‘Standard commodity’, to accomplish thisfunction, claiming that it was a standard of value invariantwith respect to changes in the distribution of income. But inSraffa's book there is no explicit proof of this claim. Thisgave rise to many misunderstandings about the Standard commodityand its role as invariable measure of value. This paper proposesa proper definition of an ‘invariable measure of value’,and then proves that the Sraffa ‘Standard commodity’does fulfil the requirements of this definition.     

No value in par: a history of the no par value debate in the United Kingdom

Proposals for shares of no par value have been considered several times this century, and there have been recommendations by government committees and unfulfilled government commitments to introduce them. This paper traces the history of the debate in the United Kingdom, from attempts by guarantee companies last century to issue shares without any value attached, up to a 1973 White Paper. It shows that failure to introduce no par value shares can be explained variously by ignorance, misunderstanding and political cowardice and highlights the way in which the issue became a significant factor in industrial relations during the 1950s.     

将EVA引入我国现行国有企业业绩评价指标体系的探讨

国有企业业绩评价指标体系构建的正确和完整与否直接关系到是否能够真实全面地反映国有企业的经营业绩,直接影响着国有企业资本的保值和增值。随着国有企业改革的进一步深化和现代企业制度的建立与完善,经营权与所有权的分离导致委托—代理问题的出现。为了准确评价国有企业的经营业绩和在一定程度上改善国有企业的委托—代理问题,完善国有企业的治理机制,充分协调国家所有者与国有企业管理者的利益,笔者在阐述了EVA业绩评价指标的明显优点—考虑了所有的资本成本和指出我国现行国有企业业绩评价指标体系的显著缺陷—所有指标均未考虑权益资本成本的基础上,建议将EVA引入国有企业业绩评价指标体系,并阐述了将EVA引入国有企业业绩评价指标体系的作用。