旅游环境中民族文化的生态适应性变化研究——以张家界郝坪、包谷山土家族为例

旅游开发作为民族地区政府主导的经济行为,它所造成的社会影响与移民、传媒、族际交流等因素有着本质区别。选取了分别处于旅游影响辐射地带和核心区的两个村庄,采用实证研究法,以风俗礼仪、工艺传承、宗教节庆为测量指标,观测旅游环境中民族文化的变化特征,发现民族文化持有者群体在不同程度表现出实践行为和精神认同的分裂,在旅游业起步、发展阶段的背弃和成熟阶段的回归,集中体现了民族旅游区的文化嬗变是一个通过文化元素的生态制衡和文化主体的自觉选择,最终达成生态适应的过程。     

What lies beneath: Climate change,land expropriation,and zaï agroecological innovations by smallholder farmers in Northern Ghana

Large-scale land acquisitions (LSLAs) are increasing in Ghana amid a weak legal and regulatory framework. This paper explores the impacts of this phenomenon on farmer innovations under recurrent environmental changes. Using a case study of zaï, an indigenous innovative farming practice, the paper makes two interrelated arguments. Firstly, it shows that the pervasive enclosures coerced by the Ghanaian state undermine how indigenous knowledge could be proactively deployed for climate risk management. Secondly, LSLAs produce a social barrier to climate change adaptation, as they lead to heightened uncertainty and apprehension among farmers, which affects decisions on climate risk management. More specifically, land expropriation is an example of how adaptation could be hindered by governance, institutions, and policy at the extra-local scale, including not only existing land use laws, but also the constitutional guarantee of private property. The evidence supporting these arguments come from survey data on 619 plots, 70 in-depth interviews, village-level transect walks, and participant observations. Overall, the paper contributes to emerging debates at the interface of land use policy, climate justice, and sustainable adaptation. Theoretically, it also contributes to understanding State-society relations, as well as the political economy of eminent domain, often justified through discourses of “public benefits.”     

Incentives and disincentives for diversified agroforestry systems from different actors’ perspectives in Bolivia

Even though diversified agroforestry systems can provide sustainable livelihoods and a resilient production of different goods, adoption remains limited in Bolivia. We examine major obstacles to agroforestry adoption and possible incentives proposed by farmers and civil-society organizations, and relate them to governance and international mechanisms that might play a role in agroforestry adoption. Market access for produce from diversified agroforestry remains difficult, as does its processing and transport. Moreover, farmers have difficulties in achieving the quantities and homogenous quality demanded by markets in the major cities. But most importantly, farmers and civil-society organizations saw little government support, although ‘ecological production in harmony with Mother Earth’ is prescribed by law and the constitution. Agroforestry farmers needed support most urgently in the initial phase, when investment costs are high and returns low. They suggested affordable credits, subsidies for diversified farming systems, and insurance against fire. We identified important albeit small steps towards developing markets for agroforestry products, but government support – mostly in the form of diesel subsidies, materials, and infrastructure – mainly benefitted large-scale monocultures and cattle ranching. In response to this, interviewees opted for strengthening farmers’ organizations, for demanding support with the help of civil-society organizations, and for disseminating best practices.     

Managerial Resource Allocation and International Performance

Abstract

The “global village” phenomenon has resulted in an increase in the number of articles devoted to examinations of international marketing strategy and, importantly, to its impact on international performance. Notably, previous research has examined the impact of standardization (versus adaptation) and the content of marketing strategies on performance. There is little empirical work on the relationship between the resource devoted to international operations and the success achieved in these operations. Given the important performance implications of this relationship, the research reported here adds to this limited body of research. First, it uses three measures of resources allocated to international operations, including international strategic planning, an underutilized construct in international research. Second, it includes two performance dimensions: objective and subjective (satisfaction). Third, it examines the relationships between allocated resources and the two performance dimensions. Finally, it examines these relationships in Israel, thus extending the generalizability of previous research. The relationship is tested with data from Israeli respondents to a mail survey. The results are used to generate international research and managerial implications.     

全球气候变化对海岛旅游地的影响与启示

气候既是海岛旅游业发展的自然条件,又是主要的资源,全球气候的异常变化影响海岛旅游资源的数量与质量、客流的空间与季节移动,并导致传统海岛旅游目的地的萎缩。全球气候变化对我国海岛旅游业的影响日益显著,必须及时调整海岛旅游发展的对策：大力发展生态旅游、可持续旅游;探究旅游者对气候变化的适应;改善海岛旅游目的地服务设施;重新进行海岛旅游规划;重视旅游主体人群的教育,以适应全球气候变化带来的巨大影响。     

Consumer responses to different degrees of advertising adaptation: the moderating role of national openness to foreign markets

We investigate the moderating role of national openness to foreign markets on consumer responses (attitude to ad, brand and purchase intention) to different degrees of advertising adaptation in Belgium, Iran and India. We operationalize three levels of advertising adaptation (standardization, glocalization and adaptation) by manipulating the model (international versus local celebrity) and advertising copy (international versus local advertising copy). The results show that societies with a low openness to foreign markets respond more positively to fully adapted ads than to glocalized and standardized ads. The differences in responses decrease with national openness.     

Anticipatory policymaking in global venues: Policy change,adaptation, and the UNFCCC

The subfield of public policy depicts policymaking as reactive process wherein public officials respond to existing social problems. While this depiction holds true in many cases, it fails to account for instances where policy change occurs in anticipation of emerging threats or hazards. “Anticipatory problems” are projected to occur in the future, and it is the prospect of their occurring that generates policy debate. This paper examines the policymaking pattern engendered by anticipatory policy problems, highlighting the ways in which they challenge and support existing assumptions about the process of policy change. To illustrate this distinctive dynamic, this paper will present a case study examining the evolving debate over climate change adaptation policy within United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).