基于风险的银行绩效评价方法

随着全球经济一体化程度的加深,银行之间的竞争日趋激烈.如何做好银行的绩效评价工作直接关系到银行未来的发展.传统的银行绩效评价工作多数侧重于静态的财务指标分析,这种分析方法最大的缺点在于无法对银行面对的瞬息万变的金融市场的风险情况及银行未来发展能力进行有效的预测及评价.RAROC绩效评价法是对传统银行绩效评价方法的改进.这种方法将风险带来的未来可预计损失量化为当期成本,直接对当期盈利进行调整,衡量经风险调整后的收益大小,并考虑为可能的最大风险做出资本储备.该方法将银行的收益与银行所承担的风险相结合考核银行的经营效绩,缩小了管理者与出资人之间的目标差距,对改进我国商业银行的绩效评价方法具有积极意义.     

国有商业银行分支机构调整战略及规划探析

我国国有商业银行在分支机构管理上存在着分支机构总量过于庞大、人员过多、布局缺乏地区定位以及管理链条较长等问题,导致的结果就是管理成本高、市场反应速度慢,这将不利于其在日益激烈的同业竞争中获胜.据此,结合我国区域经济发展的特征和金融资源的分布情况,参照国际商业银行分支机构管理的经验,作者提出了国有商业银行分支机构调整战略目标以及"一个重心,三条主线"的战略规划,"一个重心"主要是指以中心城市行为发展重心;"三条主线"包括纵向的组织结构扁平化、横向的网点区域布局调整以及按业务流程对组织架构进行整合.     

利差演进、利差层次与我国利差结构分析

本文从金融学视角揭示了商业银行存贷款利差、中央银行与商业银行利差和国内与国际金融市场利差三个层次,并指出利差三个层次构成了有机的统一体.作者对建国以来历次利率调整进行了综合系统分析,勾画出我国利差变化的轨迹,得出以下基本结论:中国人民银行对利差管理从无序逐步过渡到有序,利差体系从扭曲逐步得到矫正,在金融管制环境下实现了利率总体水平的国际化"磨合".存在的主要问题是:存贷款利差考虑商业银行收益因素较多,兼顾国际化竞争不足;邮政储蓄转存利差在体现政策性的同时负效应越来越大;再贷款利差调整频繁和扩张太快,透视出金融宏观调控手段相对单一.     

我国银行业改革与引进外资的开放竞争策略

针对我国银行业面临的问题和外资银行进入后的竞争压力,本文通过分析几种不同改革思路后认为,我国银行业改革的核心问题是产权和公司治理,两者紧密相连,产权改革是为了获得良好的公司治理,私有化和引入外资都是可供选择的产权改革方式之一,理论上不存在何者更优.国有商业银行改革的关键在于改变国有独资所有权结构为多元投资结构,可供选择的方案有不改变所有权性质的多个国有投资主体的单一所有制和引进包括国有、民营、外资参股的多元所有制.鉴于我国银行业目前的特点,外资参股并不是一种最优的选择,引进外资银行的正确策略是:独资优于合作,合作优于合资.     

商业银行绩效国际比较评价体系的设计及其实证

商业银行绩效水平国际比较指标体系能够相对准确评判各国商业银行的绩效和由绩效水平反映出来的综合实力以及相对竞争优势,该比较评价指标从银行的规模实力、经营业绩、安全性和发展能力四个方面设计,采用同等规模银行并遵循统一的标准和方法加以量化.2003年资产规模在1000亿美元以上的全球最大的85家银行中,中国四大国有商业银行绩效处于中等水平,其中,规模实力具有比较优势;从国别比较结果分析,我国四大国有商业银行的总体绩效水平在18个国家中列第10位.提升国有商业银行的经营业绩、安全性和发展能力是增强我国银行业国际竞争力的主要途径.     

国有商业银行费用偏好与组织绩效的实证分析

单一国有产权结构、出资人监督缺位和委托代理问题共同决定了国有商业银行费用扩张偏好.实证结果表明,费用规模扩张侵蚀了出资人利润性收益空间,成为国有商业银行利润率指标偏低的解释因素.因此,国有商业银行制度变迁必然包含能够抑制费用偏好的制度工具创新.政府宏观经济目标的退出可以使出资人硬化利润约束,但在政府效用函数不可能全面退出国有商业银行的现实背景中,通过引进在位寡头之间的竞争可以为国有商业银行利润目标约束硬化提供外在制衡条件;同时,产权多元化改革基础上的银行治理结构完善则是解决委托-代理问题下经营者费用偏好问题的彻底措施.     

The Impact of SFAS No. 114 on the Linear Information Dynamic for Commercial Banks

Increase (decrease) in loan loss provisions would decrease (increases) bank earnings, but increase (decreases) regulatory capital. Previous studies have separately documented earnings and capital management behavior via loan loss provisions by commercial banks. However, it is difficult to isolate a bank's demand for increasing earnings from its demand for regulatory capital because earnings is a source of capital. Based on the objective bank function, this study investigates the impact of SFAS No. 114 on the information content of loan loss provisions in relation to both earnings quality and capital adequacy in a linear information dynamic framework. Test results show that the association between market value with loan loss provisions became significantly stronger for commercial banks in the post- than in the pre-adoption period. As a result, SFAS No. 114 is also found to positively affect the association of market value with both bank earnings and regulatory capital through the clean surplus relation because of the higher value relevance of loan loss provisions. The findings thus provide empirical evidence that SFAS No. 114 has significantly complemented banking regulations in enhancing (reducing) the (dispersion from the) accounting measurement construct of loan loss provisions.     

Social networks in the global banking sector

We show that banks with shared social connections partner more often in the global syndicated loan market and that central banks in the network play dominant roles in various interbank transactions, indicating that social connections facilitate business connections. However, more centralized banks in the network also contribute significantly to the global systemic risk. Moreover, we find the soft information generated by social networks is particularly valuable when potential partners operate under different accounting and regulatory standards. Finally, we show that the recent banking crisis significantly limited the positive soft information effects of social networks in the global banking system.     

Analyzing the effect of derivatives on the financial soundness of commercial banks in Italy: An approach based on the CAMELS framework

Italian economy is among the biggest economies in the Europe which suffered from the repercussions of the global financial crisis during this last decade. The weakness of Italian banking system coincides with the common debate about the implication of derivatives in the distress of banks’ soundness. Thus, the aim of our research is to examine the effect of derivative instruments on the banks’ soundness in Italy. To reach our goal, the CAMELS approach is employed to define the soundness of Italian commercial banks. To overcome the endogeneity issue of variables, an appropriate econometric procedure, namely the dynamic Generalized Method of Moments (GMM system) is applied using data from 22 commercial banks in Italy over the period 2005–2015. Explanatory variables are defined by derivative instruments (forwards, swaps, options, and futures), bank‐specific variable (bank's size as non‐CAMELS variable), industry‐specific variables (CR3, CR5, and HHI as indicators of bank's sector and market concentrations), and country‐specific variables (GDP and inflation). The main results reveal that the majority of the CAMELS indicators are favorably affected by derivative instruments especially forwards and options. The most important conclusion is that using derivative instruments does not threaten the financial soundness of commercial banks in Italy. As major implication decision‐makers and experts—after the global financial crisis—should not consider derivatives in part as responsible of the fragility of the Italian banking system.     

Bank ownership and credit over the business cycle: Is lending by state banks less procyclical?

This paper finds that lending by state banks is less procyclical than lending by private banks, especially in countries with good governance. Lending by state banks in high income countries is even countercyclical. On the liability side, state banks expand their total liabilities and, in particular, their non-deposit liabilities relatively little during booms. Public banks also report loan non-performance more evenly over the business cycle. Overall our results suggest that state banks can play a useful role in stabilizing credit over the business cycle as well as during periods of financial instability. However, the track record of state banks in credit allocation remains quite poor, questioning the wisdom of using state banks as a short term countercyclical tool.