The problem of employees' network centrality and supervisors' error in performance appraisal: A multilevel theory

This article reveals an unexplored paradox for HR managers: the centrality of an employee in the social network benefits performance but hampers performance appraisal because it affects supervisors' rating errors. Central employees can be erroneously rated high on performance even when they are not high performers because supervisors tend to overappraise their performance. A distinction is made between rating precision, which depends on supervisors' uncertainty regarding employees' performance, and rating accuracy, which depends on supervisors' bias in favor of employees. Employee centrality is posited to be beneficial to precision but deleterious to accuracy because it regulates the diffusion of positive information, status, and power, all of which distort supervisors' capacity and motivation to accurately appraise performance. It is then argued that rating errors caused by network centrality affect aggregate perceptions of justice in organizations. When employees are highly connected to each other in a dense network, organizations have a strong and positive justice climate. Yet when some employees are more central than others in a centralized network, organizations have a negative and weak justice climate. The article contributes to the literature because it identifies an unexplored dark side of network centrality and offers recommendations for HR managers to cope with its deleterious consequences and for scholars to study them.     

Does Targeted Monetary Policy Matter? A Perspective from China

Several major central banks have experimented with targeted monetary policy to improve credit resource allocation. This policy only applies to ‘eligible’ banks. For example, The People's Bank of China conducted seven targeted reductions of reserve requirements during 2014–15. This article documents the phenomenon of targeted monetary policy and evaluates its effects. The results show that, in the case of China, this policy has generated an extra significant, positive return on the stocks of eligible banks, amounting to 1.2–1.3 per cent in a four‐day treatment period. This substantial return gives commercial banks an extra incentive to align with the policy goals of central banks.     

谈国家助学贷款的贷后管理问题

国家实行助学贷款政策帮助贫困学生圆了大学之梦,得到了广大人民群众的拥护。但在实践中出现了新的问题,那就是还款率低。为了更好地解决这一实际问题,必须切实加强对学生思想政治特别是诚实守信教育、建立信用信息查询制度,依靠制度、机制促使还贷,调整政策加大还贷力度,切实做好国家助学贷款的贷后管理工作。     

民族地区农村信用社小额信贷可持续发展的思考——基于贵州省长顺县马路乡小额信贷的调查分析

民族地区农村信用社大力推广农户小额信贷是农村信用社生存竞争、改善经营的需要,是解决农民贷款难、帮助农民增收的需要,是促进农村产业结构调整的需要,是规范农村金融秩序、促进农村信用文化建设的需要。但是在推广过程中,由于小额信贷存在资金供求矛盾大、利率低、期限短、额度小、具有一定风险等问题,限制了民族地区农村信用社小额信贷的可持续发展。文章根据民族地区农村信用社小额信贷存在的问题给出相应的对策建议。     

平台融资与中小企业信用增级

制度困境是我国中小企业面临融资困境的关键原因。只有将大型金融机构的融资优势与政府的组织优势相结合,通过构建信用促进会,搭建适合中小企业融资的融资平台,增强对借款人风险和信用硬约束、防范风险,弥补制度缺损,提升信用等级,才能从根本上推动我国中小企业融资。     

存贷款利差定价分析

存贷款利差合理水平取决于违约率、损失率、流动性风险、资本缓冲与信贷类资产的比率,以及无风险基准利率。银行业内部管理水平不足和存贷款市场的总体失衡会导致利差水平扩大和提高。我国当前的存贷款利差水平相对于其合理水平而言过低,不仅不利于银行业长期健康发展,而且也对整个金融体系累积了巨大的体系性风险。     

贷款定价理论与实践探讨

西方的利率决定理论和信贷配给理论在我国或缺乏生存环境或遭遇变异,推动贷款定价理论发展的金融市场又不发达。银行方面资金闲置、盈利困难、风险增大,企业方面资金短缺、成本居高、发展受限,我国银行贷款定价陷入理论和现实双重困境。本文主要目的是通过比较研究为改进我国商业银行贷款定价提供理论依据并对贷款定价计算公式作详细阐述。     

大型水利工程信用风险的形成路径及治理对策

基于业主与承包商的博弈模型,从一次和多次博弈两方面剖析了大型水利工程中承包商信用缺失动机的形成机理,并根据行为心理学理论分析信用风险的形成路径。结果表明:强监督力度、强惩罚力度、适度奖励是有效控制承包商信用风险的途径。在此基础上建立信用风险的动态管理机制,为大型水利工程中的信用风险系统管理提供参考。     

从马克思的货币支付手段看我国当前的三角债问题

随着买方市场的形成,供求与需求矛盾逐渐加剧。由于市场疲软,产品积压,企业普遍存在流动资金不足的问题。为维持再生产过程,只好通过拖欠他人货款的方式购买原材料。久而久之,造成企业间的大量拖欠,形成三角债问题,严重影响了经济运行效率,成为我国国有企业和一些中小企业的严重束缚。本文试就这个问题结合马克思关于货币支付手段来探讨当前我国三角债问题的成因及应采取的对策。     

The productivity of agricultural credit in India

This study examines the nature of the relationship between formal agricultural credit and agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India, specifically the role of the former in supporting agricultural growth, using state level panel data covering the period 1995–1996 to 2011–2012. The study uses a mediation analysis framework to map the pathways through which institutional credit relates to agricultural GDP relying on a control function approach to tackle the problem of endogeneity. The findings from the analysis suggest that over this period, all the inputs are highly responsive to an increase in institutional credit to agriculture. A 10% increase in credit flow in nominal terms leads to an increase by 1.7% in fertilizers (N, P, K) consumption in physical quantities, 5.1% increase in the tonnes of pesticides, 10.8% increase in tractor purchases. Overall, it seems quite clear that input use is sensitive to credit flow, whereas GDP of agriculture is not. Credit seems therefore to be an enabling input, but one whose effectiveness is undermined by low technical efficiency and productivity.