Hicks's Valuation of Social income: an appraisal *

This paper attempts to reconstruct and assess the intellectual itinerary of Hicks on the valuation of social income. His 1958 and 1981 papers on that topic have been wholly ignored in the economic literature. In both of them differentmeasures of real income are provided. These show to what extenteach one of them can be relied upon. Our assessment argues that it is impossible to measure social income independentlyof the reasons for which that measure is required and that any valuation cannot ultimatelybe made independently of political and ethical considerations.     

建筑工程造价管理探析

建筑工程造价管理是建设工程项目管理工作的重要组成部分。文章结合实际，对企业如何加强建筑工程造价管理提出了建议，具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Anxiety disorders,major depressive disorder and the dynamic relationship between these conditions: treatment patterns and cost analysis

Abstract

Objective: To determine the treatment pattern and impact on healthcare costs of anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder (MDD), and influence of their concomitance and subsequence.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a US reimbursement claims database. Adult patients with an incident diagnosis of anxiety or MDD (index date) were included. Their sociodemographic data, diagnoses, healthcare resource use and associated costs were collected over the 6 months preceding and 12 months following index date.

Results: A total of 599,624 patients were identified and included. Patients with phobia or post-traumatic stress disorder had the highest 12-month costs ($8,442 and $8,383, respectively). Patients with social anxiety disorder had the lowest costs ($3,772); generalized anxiety disorder ($6,472) incurred costs similar to MDD ($7,170). Costs were substantially increased with emergence of anxiety during follow-up in MDD patients ($10,031) or emergence of MDD in anxiety patients ($9,387). This was not observed in patients with both anxiety and MDD at index date ($6,148).

Conclusion: This study confirms the high burden of costs of anxiety, which were within the same range as MDD. Interestingly, the emergence of anxiety or MDD in the year following a first diagnosis of MDD or anxiety, respectively, increased costs substantially. Major limitations were short follow-up and lack of absenteeism costs.     

ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR OF DISTRIBUTION DENSITIES IN MODELS WITH STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY. I

We study the asymptotic behavior of distribution densities arising in stock price models with stochastic volatility. The main objects of our interest in the present paper are the density of time averages of a geometric Brownian motion and the density of the stock price process in the Hull–White model. We find explicit formulas for leading terms in asymptotic expansions of these densities and give error estimates. As an application of our results, sharp asymptotic formulas for the price of an Asian option are obtained.     

宏观经济波动的微观基础:基于股权配给角度的分析

当宏观经济进入衰退阶段,由于上市公司的股权配给,上市公司投资的边际破产成本上升,导致上市公司的投资下降,在投资乘数原理和加速数原理的相互作用下,会使宏观经济衰退更加严重,宏观经济陷入经济衰退与股权配给相互作用的恶性循环中,宏观经济衰退的程度会进一步加大。当宏观经济进入繁荣阶段,呈现与上述相反的过程,会导致宏观经济持续过度繁荣。因此,股权配给是宏观经济波动的加速器。我国的现实是,从微观角度分析,上市公司具有强烈的股权融资偏好;从宏观上看,政府进行股权配给。两者的共同作用,使股权配给具有平抑宏观经济波动的功能。     

工程造价全过程控制的重点与对策

从三个方面论述了建设项目的全过程造价控制工作。     

SWOT分析法研究济南市商品出口中亚市场的潜力及物流成本最小的路径选择

通过分析济南市商品和中亚市场的互补性,找出济南市商品在中亚市场比较有发展潜力的商品,运用SWOT分析法对中亚市场进行潜在分析发现了中亚市场的潜在市场,通过调查发现中亚国家将对其电网改造的相关产品的需求会增加。运用比较的方法确定了济南市出口商品运输到中亚市场的物流成本最小的路经。在新疆办厂再出口到中亚国家也是一个较佳的选择。     

林业专业合作社盈余利益分配标准的经济学分析

针对林业专业合作社利益分配问题，分析社员的利益分配行为和两种不同盈余利益分配标准造成的社员利益差异，揭示社员倾向于按出资额与交易量比例中较大的标准进行盈余利益分配，以获得更多的利益而承担更少的成本，提出完善合作社利益分配制度应当在内部契约上坚持以交易额分配为主，将出资额的合理利息界定为合作社成本，尽量保持社员出资额与交易额比例相一致，在配套制度上政府应当减少税费、扩大财政支持、加强教育引导与外部监督，以促进合作社健康发展。     

建设单位工程成本控制中存在的问题及对策

随着市场经济的发展,建设单位要想在激烈的市场竞争下生存或谋求发展,除了拥有先进技术水平、雄厚资本之外,还要高度重视对工程项目成本的控制。努力将各项费用控制在计划之内,有效控制成本,最终提高企业经济效益。本文主要介绍了建设单位从工程项目立项到竣工决算成本控制中存在的问题,并且针对存在的问题提出了相应的措施。     

Economic impacts of conservation farming in a marginal environment: the case of ‘Landcare’ in the Philippines

In the marginal, upland regions of the Philippines, soil erosion and poverty are significant problems. The Landcare Programme has sought to address these twin problems. We assess the economic impacts of the Landcare Programme in the Province of Bohol. We first explore whether the adoption of Landcare practices, particularly those of contour farming and tree planting, in a highly degraded landscape has resulted in improved livelihood outcomes for upland farming families. Second, we analyse the potential for the piecemeal adoption of these measures to deliver tangible benefits at the watershed scale. Finally, using a benefit–cost approach, these outcomes are compared with the costs of research and extension projects that have helped achieve them. We conclude that the net economic impact of the Landcare Programme in Bohol is positive, with the primary beneficiaries being the individual households that adopt the Landcare practices. These benefits are largely generated by productive opportunities that arise once the hillsides have been stabilized. Although the downstream impacts of land-use changes associated with the Landcare Programme are positive, they are of marginal economic importance. Hence, the focus and primary justification of the Landcare Programme should be on improving the productivity and livelihoods of upland farming households.