缩小贫富差距的科学性和现实性评估

十二五时期,需要正确看待、评估贫富差距问题,全面把握贫富差距的成因。缩小贫富差距,应推进国民收入初次、二次、三次分配制度建设,建立完善的居民收入与消费统计制度。缩小贫富差距,关键在于调高保低。在调高保低的过程中,应准确把握两个关键问题:取缔非法收入促进社会公平正义,努力提高农村居民劳动收入水平。     

基于物联网的智能化配送管理课程建设方案初探

基于物联网的智能化配送管理课程建设的课题,是在国家大力发展物联网技术与产业应用,学院对接地方经济发展的大背景下,对课程建设的一次有益探索,本课程尝试引入物联网方案提供商,建立基于最新物联网技术的物流实训室,培养学生智能化配送管理的综合性能力,期待在教学内容和方法、教师能力提升和产学合作方式等方面有实质性的突破,为以工作过程为导向的物流管理专业建设积累新的经验。     

A NEW INSIGHT INTO THE GENDER GAP IN MATH

In the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten Cohort, I find that the gender gap is not uniform across the distribution of math skills and that these quantile‐specific gaps vary with age. Specifically, girls at the top of the distribution initially fall behind boys but manage to catch up later. At the same time, girls in the lower parts of the distribution lose ground. In fifth grade, a gender gap of 0.2 standard deviation, about 2.5 months of schooling, is observed across the entire distribution. Overall, these patterns indicate the possibility that low performing girls become worse and vice versa. These results demonstrate important dynamics of the gap that are relevant for policy, but that the mean gap fails to show.     

“交易外部性”:外部性的重新理解及系统整合

基于对外部性和交易本质的理解,当前生产外部性和消费外部性两分的观点有失偏颇。研究提出"交易外部性"概念,即产权交易过程中,交易一方或交易以外的行为主体的权利(束)或权利部分职能被交易另一方强制利用而未被定价或实现对等补偿的现象。据此,按照发生领域和作用主体的不同,外部性可以划分为生产外部性、消费外部性和交易外部性三类,其中,交易外部性进一步包含一类交易外部性、二类交易外部性和三类交易外部性。此处的"二类交易外部性"与史普博的"内部性"具有相同的本质内涵,即"内部性"实质是"交易外部性"范畴下的一个子分类。     

价格规制、煤炭资源与能源约束:最优开发路径试解

煤炭在国民经济具有重要的战略地位。煤炭资源可持续利用的成本核算构成要素和现阶段我国煤炭资源成本核算存在一些问题。政府必须对煤炭资源进行价格规制,使煤炭价格能充分体现煤炭产业科学发展的要求,形成煤炭资源可持续利用的价格机制。     

Economic assessment of doripenem versus imipenem in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia

Abstract

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), the most common nosocomial infection in critically ill patients, is associated with significantly longer duration of mechanical ventilation, and increased mortality, hospital days, and health-care costs. A previously published prospective, randomized study established the noninferiority of intravenous (IV) doripenem versus IV imipenem/cilastatin (‘imipenem‘) for VAP. This study compares the economic outcomes of IV therapy with doripenem versus imipenem as first-line treatment for VAP.

Methods: A decision-analytic model of inpatient care and outcomes for VAP was used to estimate costs associated with VAP treatment. The model calculates total hospital costs, comprising costs of initial and concomitant therapy, and costs associated with mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stays, and total days in hospital.

Results: Total treatment costs for doripenem were $10,630 lower than for imipenem ($71,259 vs. 81,889), driven primarily by differences in costs of mechanical ventilation ($45,224 for doripenem, $57,348 for imipenem). Probabilistic sensitivity analyses found doripenem consistently cost saving versus imipenem in 1,000 simulations. Study limitations include use of a simple model to represent a complex disease process and reliance on trial data that may not reflect real-world care and outcomes.

Conclusions: Doripenem is a cost saving first-line treatment for VAP versus imipenem while providing an equivalent rate of cure.     

Disease-specific cost savings of treating nighttime versus daytime gastroesophageal reflux disease in an employed population

Summary

Objective: The extent to which proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can offset direct medical costs by reducing symptoms related to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in order to improve work productivity is not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate the economic impact of treating GERD with PPIs versus no treatment, from an employer's perspective.

Study design: An economic model was developed to simulate symptom reduction and breakthrough symptoms as well as associated costs over 1 year among a population of 100,000 with a 20% GERD prevalence rate. Medical costs, including GERD-related office visits, hospitalisations and procedures, were delineated by symptom severity. Indirect costs represented the monetised work productivity loss. PPI treatment costs $2/day (standard dose).

Results: The GERD burden was substantial ($62,500,000). Treatment yielded $32,600,000 in savings ($1,630 saved/patient/year), mostly from reducing indirect costs. Treatment produced greater savings among nighttime GERD patients throughout the PPI cost range ($1–$5/day). Savings dropped if the price of standard doses of PPI exceeded $3.92/day for the treatment of daytime GERD patients.     

浅议医院基建工程的造价控制

为了应对医疗市场的激烈竞争,大多数三甲、二甲医院在寻求自身持续发展的对策的同时,还面临着繁重的新建、改扩建任务。本文简单论述了医院基建工程的造价控制。     

China's health care reform: A tentative assessment

China has recently unveiled an ambitious new health-care reform plan, entailing a doubling of government health spending as well as a number of concrete reforms. While the details of the plan have not yet been completely announced, we offer a preliminary assessment of how well the reform is likely to achieve its stated goal of assuring every citizen equal access to affordable basic health care. The reform is based on three fundamental tenets: strong role of government in health, commitment to equity, and willingness to experiment with regulated market approaches. Within this framework, the reform offers a number of laudable changes to the health system, including an increase in public health financing, an expansion of primary health facilities and an increase in subsidies to achieve universal insurance coverage. However, it fails to address the root causes of the wastes and inefficiencies plaguing China's health care system, such as a fragmented delivery system and provider incentives to over-provide expensive tests and services. We conclude that China should consider changing the provider payment method from fee-for-service to a prospective payment method such as DRG or capitation with pay-for-performance, and to develop purchasing agencies that represent the interests of the population so as to enhance competition.