Prototypicality advantages for pioneers over me-too brands: the role of evolving product designs

Prior empirical research suggests that consumers perceive pioneers as more prototypical (i.e., representative) of their product categories than me-too followers. This prototypicality advantage is believed to contribute to an enduring marketplace advantage for the pioneer. We extend research into pioneering prototypicality advantages by considering the ramifications of simultaneous product design (i.e., product attribute) evolutions. We hypothesize that the simultaneous evolution of product designs of both the pioneer and me-too will diminish the pioneer’s prototypicality advantage over the me-too, even though the me-too does not initiate the change. To test our hypotheses, we create an experimental environment consisting of four cells, each corresponding to a different marketplace scenario: a no-change condition; a simultaneous-evolution condition; a pioneer-updates-first condition; and a leapfrogging (i.e., me-too updates first) condition. The results suggest that simultaneous design evolutions can diminish the pioneer’s prototypicality advantage. As a result, me-too entry may be a more attractive strategy in the long-run than currently believed in product categories characterized by substantial design evolution.

全球化战略决策中高管团队的国际化角色:国外市场进入模式

海外扩张的模式是决策制定者协商的结果,高管团队(TMT)在此类型的决策过程中起到了重要的作用。通过整合市场准入模式理论与高层梯队理论,并结合组织国际化相关的因素后发现,TMT跨国经验和TMT国籍多样性在组织国际化战略决策中充当着不同的,甚至是相反的角色。在分析了100多个公司近7年的数据后,得出TMT跨国经验与全面控制型市场进入模式正相关、TMT国籍多样性与合作控制式市场进入模式正相关两个重要结果。因此,跨国经验能够通过出国实践获得,但这种经验在某种程度上受到自身国籍影响。人力资源管理实践旨在通过外派出国来获得国际经验的方式,还要认识到拥有这种经历的人不能替代高管团队中所有的外国国籍的人。     

治理结构与FDl股权进入模式研究述评

公司治理与跨国经营战略交叉点日益成为研究的热点话题。本文首先全面梳理了国内外学者关于FDI进入模式早期理论和实证研究文献,然后总结了近年来涌现的从母公司治理结构的微观视角以及东道国治理环境的宏观视角的研究,并在最后对治理结构与FDI进入模式研究未来发展方向进行了展望。     

A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF THE COMPETITIVE POSITIONS AND ENTRY PATHS OF EUROPEAN FIRMS IN THE U.S. PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET

This paper combines the statistical insights of dynamic strategic group analysis with the qualitative richness of historical analysis to explore the modes of entry, expansion paths, and competitive postures of European firms in the U.S. pharmaceutical market. Patterns of entry and market development over a 20-year period are analyzed. The roles of strategic assets and competencies in determining both the entry strategy and the final competitive posture of these firms in the U.S. market are discussed.     

FOREIGN ENTRY,CULTURAL BARRIERS,AND LEARNING

This paper examines the longevity of foreign entries. Hypotheses are developed on the mode (start-ups vs. acquisitions) and ownership structure (wholly owned vs. joint ventures) in relation to cultural distance. The hypotheses are tested within a framework of organizational learning, using data on 225 entries that 13 Dutch firms carried out from 1966 onwards. Results show that the presence of cultural barriers punctuates an organization's learning. Cultural distance is a prominent factor in foreign entry whenever this involves another firm, requiring the firm to engage in ‘double layered acculturation.’ We also identify locational ‘paths of learning.’ The longevity of acquisitions is positively influenced by prior entries of the firm in the same country. Similarly, the longevity of foreign entries, in which the firm has a majority stake, improves whenever the expanding firm engaged in prior entries in the same country and in other countries in the same cultural block.     

AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE ON DIVERSIFICATION AND CORPORATE RESTRUCTURING: ENTRY,EXIT, AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE DURING 1981–89

This study proposes a theoretical perspective that firms engage in continuous search and selection activities in order to improve their knowledge base and thereby improve their performance. This general framework is applied to the context of corporate evolution. Entry and exit activities are understood as search and selection undertaken by the firm to improve their performance. One of the compelling features of this framework is that firms learn from their past entry experience and approach the next entry in a more focused and directed manner over time. Also, firms acquire additional knowledge from each entry event while applying their existing knowledge base. With a longitudinal (1981–89) data base on entry and exit activities of all publicly traded manufacturing firms in the United States, this study shows that applicability of the firm's knowledge base plays an important role in predicting which businesses a firm enters or exits. Firms sequentially enter businesses of similar human resource profiles and firms are more likely to divest lines of business of different profiles. Corporate-level analysis shows that such well-directed entry and exit contribute to the improvement of a firm's profitability.     

外资银行进入对我国银行效率影响的实证分析

本文选取我国银行市场上占主要地位的14家银行1994-2004年的面板数据,就外资银行进入对我国银行业效率影响进行了实证分析.实证结果表明:外资银行的进入使得国内银行的流动性、非利息收入、经营费用和资产收益率降低,并使其资产质量下降,风险增加,但是技术外溢效应以及对国内银行盈利性的影响并不显著.而且,金融业的对外开放对国有银行造成的冲击小于股份制银行.本文还根据实证分析结果,提出相应的政策建议.     

主导设计:市场进入壁垒理论新范式

在经济全球一体化趋势下,主导设计作为决定与控制市场进入壁垒的根源性壁垒,成为市场进入壁垒的新范式.为此,在当今新技术和新兴产业不断涌现的技术经济规范转换期,及时较早进入新技术系统,形成自我支持的技术体系和市场支撑网络,是后进企业和后起国摆脱大型跨国公司控制,成功实施进入跨越和实现赶超的根本路径和机会窗口.     

新兴战略性产业的进入管靛与管制绩效——以我国手机“牌照制度”的实践为例

本文建立了一个简单的进入管制模型,并以信产部的手机“牌照制度”的实践为例,分析了新兴战略性产业的进入管制与管制绩效。本文发现,与认为进入管制容易引发垄断低效率的传统观念不同,在开放经济下新兴战略性产业初期由于外部性和高风险而导致本国企业进入不足;进入管制能够为先驱企业提供某种“专利”租金的机会,从而有助于企业提高产量,降低价格,增加社会总剩余。从长期来看,进入管制存在成本和容易激发企业的短视行为而影响产业效率,因此有必要逐步放开管制。另外,建立明确的竞争程序和规则来挑选进入者也是提高管制绩效的重要方面。     

入世后外商直接投资变化及中国的对策

2002年入世以来,外商对华直接投资发生了较大的变化.相比入世前的预测,我国利用外资现状与趋势并不乐观.本文试图从投资量、投资规模、投资策略、投资来源、投资结构、投资区位六方面透析外商在华直接投资的变化情况,并对以后扩大优化利用外资提出对策建议.