新时期水电功能转换初探

随着我国经济的快速发展,智能电网将在未来经济建设和社会发展中发挥举足轻重的作用。我国智能电网的实现和应用呼唤更为科学、高效、合理的电力调节。文章创造性地运用新政下的装机容量计算公式对水电功能转换进行深入分析与综合研究,指出了水电行业在新时期下将发挥至关重要的作用。     

Cost-effectiveness of partially-hydrolyzed formula for prevention of atopic dermatitis in Australia

Abstract

Objective:

To perform an economic evaluation of a specific brand of partially hydrolyzed infant formula (PHF-W) in the prevention of atopic dermatitis (AD) among Australian infants.

Methods:

A cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken from the perspectives of the Department of Health and Aging (DHA), of the family of the affected subject and of society as a whole in Australia, based on a decision-analytic model following a hypothetical representative cohort of Australian newborns who are not exclusively breastfed and who have a familial history of allergic disease (i.e., are deemed ‘at risk’). Costs, consequences, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) were calculated for PHF-W vs standard cow’s milk based infant formula (SF), and, in a secondary analysis, vs extensively hydrolyzed infant formula (EHF-Whey), when the latter was used for the prevention of AD.

Results:

From a representative starting cohort of 87,724 ‘at risk’ newborns in Australia in 2009, the expected ICERs for PHF-W vs SF were AU$496 from the perspective of the DHA and savings of AUD1739 and AU$1243 from the family and societal perspectives, respectively. When compared to EHF-Whey, PHF-W was associated with savings for the cohort of AU$5,183,474 and AU$6,736,513 from the DHA and societal perspectives.

Limitations:

The generalizability and transferability of results to other settings, populations, or brands of infant formula should be made with caution. Whenever possible, a conservative approach directing bias against PHF-W rather than its comparators was applied in the base case analysis. Assumptions were verified in one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses, which confirmed the robustness of the model.

Conclusions:

PHF-W appears to be cost-effective when compared to SF from the DHA perspective, dominant over SF from the other perspectives, and dominant over EHF-Whey from all perspectives, in the prevention of AD in ‘at risk’ infants not exclusively breastfed, in Australia.     

The density of the time to ruin for a Sparre Andersen process with Erlang arrivals and exponential claims

We derive expressions for the density of the time to ruin given that ruin occurs in a Sparre Andersen model in which individual claim amounts are exponentially distributed and inter-arrival times are distributed as Erlang(n,?β). We provide numerical illustrations of finite time ruin probabilities, as well as illustrating features of the density functions.     

基于实验与数学的匀速圆周运动向心力公式推导方法

本文运用观察实验和数学方法,给出了匀速圆周运动向心力公式的几种推导方法,以促进人们更加深刻地认识、理解和应用匀速圆周运动向心力。     

任意空间位置两多边形多匝线圈的互感计算

根据聂以曼公式推导出任意空间位置两多边形线圈互感的一般表达式,应用旋转矩阵实现了线圈位置的变化,通过MATLAB软件编程计算,绘出了互感的变化曲线,并对计算结果进行进行了分析验证。     

关于制定饭店客房价格若干方法的讨论

在激烈的市场经济条件下,饭店制定灵活的房价政策尤其重要。介绍了成本为主定价策略的若干具体方法,建议饭店应根据具体情况灵活多样地制定本企业的房价。     

安徽省耕地保护前景分析

随着社会经济的发展，安徽省耕地供需矛盾日益突出，科学地分析安徽省耕地保护前景，探寻合理的耕地保护对策．具有重要的现实意义。本文立足于安徽省耕地资源现状，从粮食生产、非农建设占地两方面探讨安徽经济发展对耕地的需求前景，并采用灰色系统模型对耕地的供给变化进行预测，通过耕地供需形势的分析，针对性地提出保护耕地的相应对策。     

我国高等教育财政绩效拨款模式改革的思考

高等教育规模扩大和政府财政支出下降的矛盾日益突出,出于对高等教育机构效率低下问题的日益关注,世界各国出现了调整高等教育财政拨款方式的趋势。我国进入高等教育大众化发展阶段后,也出现了上述问题。针对目前我国高等教育面临需求压力巨大、规模迅速扩张、质量问题凸现、投入不足等诸多矛盾,我国高等教育财政拨款模式改革的目标应定位为：借鉴国外有益经验,努力提高高教财政拨款与管理的科学性、公开性、公平性,强调高教资金分配的竞争}生、择优性及效益。（一）拨款机制改革：构建“政府一中介一学校”三方协调运作机制模式;（二）拨款方法由单一的“综合定额加专项补助”模式改为“公式加合同”复合模式。     

基于TAM的农户环境友好型技术采纳意愿的影响分析以测土配方施肥技术为例

[目的]以测土配方施肥技术为例,侧重于农户心理机制分析农户对环境友好型技术采纳意愿的影响因素,以期为促进环境友好型技术推广的政策制定提供参考。[方法]文章基于技术接受模型理论,运用江西省8县554户农户调查数据,借助结构方程模型对农户环境友好型农业技术采纳意愿的影响因素进行实证分析。[结果]效果展示对农户采纳意愿影响最为显著,且通过感知有用性和感知易用性对农户意愿产生正向影响;感知易用性和感知有用性是影响农户意愿的重要因素,且感知易用性对感知有用性能够产生正向影响;社会影响对农户采纳意愿和感知易用性有显著正向影响,但对感知有用性的影响作用不显著;采纳条件对农户感知有用性、易用性都没有显著性的影响,但对采纳意愿具有显著的负向影响作用。[结论]重视技术的效果展示,提升农户对环境友好型技术成效的认可程度;开发简捷易行的使用方法并加大宣传力度,提升农户对环境友好型技术的易用性和有用性感知;改善技术采纳条件,创新技术推广机制。     

Use and understanding of labelling information when preparing infant formula: Evidence from interviews and eye tracking

There are various risks associated with incorrect preparation and storage of infant formula, including microbiological hazards. Preparing and storing reconstituted infant formula correctly can reduce potential risks. The product label on infant formula is often the main source of information for caregivers on the correct handling of infant formula. Caregivers’ ability to understand and follow preparation and storage instructions is, therefore, of high importance in the safe use of infant formula. This study aims to increase understanding of how Australian caregivers perceive, interpret and use mandatory and voluntary “on-pack” label information when preparing and storing infant formula. An eye-tracking task requiring caregivers (n = 30) to prepare an unfamiliar infant formula product while wearing Tobi Pro 2 Glasses revealed that almost all caregivers look at the preparation instructions (93%), though fewer look at the warning advice (43%) and storage instructions (27%). Findings from retrospective think-aloud and in-depth interviews conducted immediately after the eye-tracking task, revealed that while preparation instructions are generally understood, they are not always adhered to, with most caregivers making modifications for convenience. Lack of awareness and low perceived risk to the infant’s health were other reasons for non-adherence. These findings suggest that mandated food-safety elements on infant formula products need to be more noticeable, clearer and more specific with respect to potential infant health risks associated with non-adherence, to ensure safe preparation and storage by all caregivers. These findings will be used to inform a review of the labelling requirements for infant formula products.