The effects of anticipated goal‐inconsistent behavior on present goal choices

Prior work has examined how, in the pursuit of long‐term goals, past goal behavior influences present goal choices. Instead, the present work focuses on how anticipating future goal behavior, specifically future goal‐inconsistent behavior, influences present goal choices. For example, how anticipating overspending on an upcoming vacation influences current spending behavior. The authors propose that the effect of anticipated goal‐inconsistent behavior on present goal choice is moderated by the perceived changeability of the future behavior. When future goal‐inconsistent behavior is perceived as changeable, consumers tend to imagine it away, and it has no systematic effect on present goal choices. However, when future goal‐inconsistent behavior is perceived as unchangeable, consumers accept it as a matter of fact, and systematic effects occur. Specifically, some consumers not only fail to buffer against future goal‐inconsistent behavior's negative consequences, but tend to exacerbate those consequences by increasing their goal‐inconsistent behavior in the present. Four studies examine this surprising behavior, using an individual difference (the response‐to‐failure scale) to identify when and for whom it occurs. The studies demonstrate the role of perceived changeability using various manipulations across multiple critical goal domains such as spending, eating, and academics.     

企业竞争行动的计量维度、分析框架与未来展望

在我国互联网革命和经济转型的宏观背景下,企业竞争行动将在基于中国情境的理论发展中扮演更重要的角色。文章在指出现有研究局限的基础上,主要完成了如下工作：首先,从微观视角把企业竞争行动的计量维度提炼为密集性、简单性、异质性、威胁性共四个维度,并对每个计量维度给出了建议计算方法;其次,按照因果关系和时间导向两个维度勾勒出反映当前研究脉络的二维模型,具体地说,从因果关系维度把企业竞争行动研究对象区分为决定因素和影响结果,从时间导向维度把现有研究的时间范围区分为短期导向和长期导向;最后,结合本文的分析框架和中国管理哲学思想,文章展望了未来理论发展的若干可能路径。     

Young adults’ consideration of their food choices a propos consequences for their future health

Many researchers have devoted much time and effort to explain the undesirable health outcomes associated with an excessive intake of certain types of fast foods. Particularly vulnerable, are young adults who move out of their parents' homes to live on their own, and then begin to rely on the multitude of so‐called “food away from home” options which are convenient, available and even desirable in their social circles. This study investigated young adults' consideration of the consequences of their consumption of food eaten away from home due to concern about unacceptable habitual behaviour that might negatively affect their future households. The survey involved 395 young adults up to 25 years of age who completed a structured questionnaire which relied on an established Consideration of Future Consequences scale. Data analysis involved exploratory factor analysis, t‐tests and Anova. Findings revealed some concern about the immediate consequences of respondents' fast food consumption, but concern about the future consequences seemed rather distant in their minds. Although significant differences were confirmed within gender and among population groups with regard to immediate concern about their fast food consumption, the means were nevertheless low throughout indicating that much needs to be done to sensitize young people about every day food consumption that might have dire consequences for their future health.     

入世十周年中国外贸:质变、驱动因素及趋势

中国加入世界贸易组织10年来,贸易额在取得巨量增长的同时,贸易结构方面发生了5个显著的质变。入世效应、强势贸易政策、量增价升、自由贸易区网络、外贸体制改革是其中5个最为重要的原因。"十二五"时期,要从6个方面不断拓展对外开放广度和深度,提高开放型经济水平。     

一项关于农村五保供养制度的实证研究——以闽北地区为例

农村五保供养制度是一项具有中国特色保障鳏寡孤独残疾人基本生活权益的制度,也是我国农村社会保障体系的重要组成部分。在实地调查的基础上,分析了闽北地区农村五保供养的现实状况,提出了未来建设农村五保供养制度的若干思路。     

Time orientation and construal level: effects on eating and exercising behaviour and preferences

Eating and exercising behaviour are both characterized by immediate and future consequences. Consequently, consideration of these consequences (i.e. time orientation) predicts eating and exercising behaviour. We investigate whether construal level acts as an underlying mechanism of these relations. Students (N = 101) completed measures of consideration of immediate and future consequences (i.e. CFC‐food and CFC‐exercise), construal level, eating and exercising behaviour and preferences. For self‐reported eating and exercising behaviour, only direct effects of consideration of immediate and future consequences were found. For eating preferences, however, there was evidence of an indirect effect through construal level. A stronger tendency to consider future consequences led to a stronger preference for utilitarian (as compared with hedonic) food products through a more abstract construal level. All in all, construal level partially explains the differential relations between consideration of immediate and future consequences and eating and exercising behaviour and preferences.     

Beyond brand loyalty: Brand sustainability

Historically, measures of brand value have focused on brand awareness, customer brand equity and measured brand loyalty. While useful, these generally provide little visibility for the future of the brand. A new measure, brand sustainability, is proposed, described and illustrated. Drawing on over 1 million responses to online customer questionnaires, over a 10-year period, covering brands in 73 FMCG product categories, we create, illustrate and demonstrate a brand sustainability measure. That measure consists of brand share of preference, a calculation of their average annual growth rate. That is then compared to the consumer-stated no brand preference in that category. Net promoter scores are used to support those calculations. Findings show that manufacturer brands are challenged, not by private label, but by no brand preference in the category. Research suggestions are made on how to develop and use brand sustainability and the impact of that measure on future brand growth and development.     

期货经纪公司差异化营销策略的实施

我国期货市场日益激烈的同质化竞争,客观上要求期货经纪公司实施差异化营销策略,就此,从竞争手段差别化和服务差别化两个大的方面,论述了期货经纪公司在现实条件下如何实施差异化营销的措施。     

试论我国期货市场国际化及其国际定价中心功能的发挥

目前,期货市场国际定价中心地位相对较低仍是我国期货市场发展中存在的一个核心问题,而这一问题的解决又依赖于期货市场国际化程度的提高。本文先从国际成功经验角度提出了国际定价中心功能的发挥需要期货市场的高度国际化,然后指出正是期货市场的封闭性,造成了我国期货市场国际定价中心地位的缺失。最后,本文从我国的现实情况出发,提出要积极稳妥地加快我国期货市场的国际化,逐渐形成国际定价中心的地位。     

How Strong are the Ethical Preferences of Senior Business Executives?

How do senior business executives rank their preferences for various ethical principles? And how strongly do the executives believe in these principles? Also, how do these preference rankings relate to the way the executives see the future (wherein business decisions play out)? Research on these questions may provide us with an appreciation of the complexities of ethical behavior in management beyond the traditional issues concerning ethical decision-making in business. Based on a survey of 585 vice presidents of U.S. businesses it was found that: (1) there is a distinct set of principles of ethical conduct that is considered favorable as opposed to another set considered unfavorable among a comprehensive list of 14 ethical principles; (2) the executives believed overwhelmingly that their own individual ethical preferences are better than those of other executives; (3) the strength of their preferences for ethical principles is associated with whether the executives are relatively near-future oriented or more distant-future oriented; and (4), there are very few significant differences in terms of gender, age, education level, private/public education, prestigious/other schools, business/non-business academic backgrounds, and length of job experience. Implications of these findings are discussed.