从美日经验看地方政府债券制度

地方政府债务风险已经成为威胁我国经济安全与社会稳定的巨大隐患。地方政府是制度变迁的主体,造成地方财政困境的根本原因在于地方政府事权、财权不对称,没有规范的制度化融资渠道。而只要存在中央与地方分权的财政联邦主义,就具备发行地方政府债券的前提。     

Risk management instruments for debt driven conservation efforts: The case of India's Project Tiger

Project Tiger has been India's premier case of conservation success. Since mid 1990s select Project Tiger Reserves in India were chosen for intensive funding by the Global Environment Facility, the International Development Agency (IDA) and the Government of India under the ‘India Eco-Development Project’. This project marked a modest shift towards debt based funding. The GEF Project has become a benchmark for tiger conservation in India both in terms of management outcomes and scale and scope of funding. However in the absence of large-scale budgetary support or self-generating income flows, it becomes difficult for the GEF type of project to be replicated in other tiger reserves of the country. Debt instruments hold promise as enablers of conservation finance. The paper proposes issue of ‘tiger bonds’ to meet the financial requirements of tiger reserves. Though attractive as a debt instrument, a ‘tiger bond’ could nevertheless entail interest rate and default risks.Bioprospecting activities form good revenue sources for tiger reserves to pay off their debts. However bioprospecting activities do not provide assured returns to tiger reserves. Pharmaceutical companies that prospect for genetic resources and practice ‘real options’ approach to R&D investment planning, adopt multi-phased investment systems and sequential searches that gives them the flexibility to abandon R&D projects. From the point of view of genetic resource providing entities like Project Tiger Reserves, the ‘postponement value’ generated by real options, enables a drug company to tap substitutes for the genetic resources that form the subject matter of bioprospecting contracts. To obviate possible repayment risks by tiger reserves, the paper advocates the institution of ‘put bonds’ as a risk management tool for Project Tiger Reserves in order to hedge themselves against loan defaults arising from possible loss in bioprospecting income. The paper also brings out the mechanics of the issue of tiger bonds in the Indian context. It is argued that a put bond not only hedges default risks but would also aid ‘value discovery’ and payment for ecosystem services as far as the Project Tiger Reserves of India are concerned.     

IS A SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT OF PPP FOR INFRASTRUCTURE DELIVERY POSSIBLE? LESSONS FROM SOCIAL IMPACT BONDS

Social Impact Bonds (SIBs) have emerged in recent years as outcome‐based public‐private partnerships (PPP) for the delivery of welfare services, where the payment to the private operator is linked to the achievement of superior social impact. Since the traditional infrastructure‐based PPP approach seems to have failed to achieve higher level of efficiency and, above all, effectiveness, this paper discusses the extent to which the SIB model can represent a reference point to innovate the PPP model by introducing more focus on outcome achievement and social value generation.     

完善我国地方政府债券发行主体制度之构想

我国地方政府债券的发行主体制度方面存在一些问题。在总结国外有关有益经验基础上,结合我国现实背景,对我国地方政府债券主体制度设计提出了构想。按照循序渐进的原则,我国应采取两步走战略,分别围绕主体范围、主体资格等方面,通过修改《预算法》等法律法规和制定《地方政府债券法》,逐步完善我国地方政府债券的主体制度。     

我国地方政府自主发债的制度设计

中国地方政府债务问题已经引起了决策层和国内外经济学家的高度重视,债务规模已经十分庞大。防范和化解地方政府债务风险,解决地方财政资金不足,规范地方政府举债行为,就要赋予地方政府自主发债权,并且明确地方政府自主发债的制度设计,制定一套包括发行主体、发行规模、发行利率、发行期限、发行方式等在内的规范、科学的制度。     

论我国政府融资格局变化中国债的重要性

从国债产生之初,古今中外经济学者对国债的效应进行了大量的理论与实证研究.从我国1979年经济体制改革以来的政府融资格局变化的过程入手,分析融资格局变化过程中各种融资方式的变化,通过国债与其他融资方式的比较,分析国债在此过程中的重要性,在目前严峻的金融形势下尤其显得重要.     

中央政府监管下的地方公债融资制度构想

作者认为,地方公共品需求的扩大和财政收支压力提出了地方政府债务融资的问题,而监督地方政府的民主机制建设落后,我国现阶段赋予地方政府独立举债权尚不现实,目前只能采取渐进式过渡性的办法--建立中央政府监管下的地方公债制度,以中央监管代替民主监督来解决地方政府在公共产品供应上资金不足的问题.据此,本文提出了中央政府监管下的地方公债制度构架及相关配套的改革建议.     

Firm financing and growth in the Arab region

This paper documents how firms in Arab countries use equity, corporate bond and syndicated loan markets to obtain financing and grow. Working with a new dataset on issuance activity in domestic and international markets and firm performance, the paper finds that capital raising through these markets has grown rapidly since the early 1990s and involved an increasing number of firms. Whereas the amounts raised in equity and loan markets (relative to gross domestic product) stand well relative to international standards, bond issuance activity lags behind. However, bond financing has gained importance over time. Equity issuances take place primarily in domestic markets, whereas bonds and loans are mostly issued internationally, display long maturities and entail low levels of credit risk. Issuing firms from the Arab region are very large compared to international standards. They also tend to be larger, faster growing and more leveraged than non-issuing firms in Arab countries.     

加大生态移民力度,切实保护西部生态环境

我国西部地区生态环境呈加速恶化势态。实施生态移民 ,是保护西部生态环境和全体国民及其后代受益的一大善事。以债券方式筹资在粮足水丰的东北平原和长江中下游平原建设生态移民新村和小城镇 ,将西部生态超载人口迁入 ,从事养殖为主的多种经营活动 ,可以巩固退耕还林还草成果和促进各项林业生态工程顺利实施 ;收到开发、脱贫与生态环境保护兼顾的多重效益 ,也是合理分担保护西部生态环境成本的科学方法。     

中国公司债券的发展现状和对策研究

公司债市场作为一种重要的融资渠道,在中国经济发展过程中处于重要的地位.中国公司债市场起步虽然较晚,但发展空间巨大、面临良好的发展机遇.发展中国的公司债券应着重注意以下几方面问题:充分发挥市场机制作用、强化信用评级和信用定价,规范信用评级机制,发展债券基金机构投资者,完善受托管理人制度,不断对公司债券条款设计进行创新.