我国劳动分配比例的变动趋势与影响因素——基于中国省级面板数据的分析

本文分析了我国劳动分配比例的变动趋势与影响因素,并运用1996-2006年省级面板数据估计了一个计量模型,估计结果表明,我国劳动分配比例下降的根本原因是二元经济条件下的巨大就业压力、不断提高的劳均资本和人力资本、工会在保护劳动者权益方面的缺位.该结果对不同的模型设置和样本选择具有很强的稳健性.进一步的研究还发现就业压力和劳均资本对劳动分配比例的负面影响在低发展水平组更大.     

中国农村劳动力转移问题探析

农村劳动力转移对于"新农村建设"具有重要现实意义,但不受限制、无序的人口向城市流动也会带来许多城市问题和社会问题.当前我国农村劳动力转移面临许多问题,而转变劳动力转移观念,创造各种有利条件,实现农村劳动力就地转移也许更能促使城乡协调发展.     

Feminist Ecological Economics and Sustainability

Synopsis New developments in feminist ecological economics and ecofeminist economics are contributing to the search for theories and policy approaches to move economies toward sustainability. This paper summarizes work by ecofeminists and feminist ecological economists which is relevant to the sustainability challenge and its implications for the discipline of economics. Both democracy and lower material throughputs are generally seen as basic principles of economic sustainability. Feminist theorists and feminist ecological economists offer many important insights into the conundrum of how to make a democratic and equity-enhancing transition to an economy based on less material throughput. These flow from feminist research on unpaid work and caring labor, provisioning, development, valuation, social reproduction, non-monetized exchange relationships, local economies, redistribution, citizenship, equity-enhancing political institutions, and labor time, as well as creative modeling approaches and activism-based theorizing.      

试论我国劳动力转移对农村经济发展影响

“三农”问题是当前的重中之重,提高农民收入的主要方法之一是将大量滞留在农村富余劳动力有效转移。农业劳动力转移,可以降低农业生产总成本,增加农民收入,发展农村经济,也在一定程度上提高了劳动力自身的素质。但由于我国目前法律制度的不完善,社会保障体系不健全,导致农村劳动力转移过程中出现许多阻碍经济发展和社会不公平现象。解决这些问题,对促进农村经济发展,构建社会主义和谐社会具有重要意义。     

Impact of mortality reductions on years of schooling and expected lifetime labor supply

Hazan (2009) performs empirical analysis based on the conjecture that a necessary condition for mortality decline to cause longer years of schooling is that it also increases expected lifetime labor supply, and reaches controversial conclusions. We aim to examine the theoretical validity of Hazan’s (2009) conjecture, and more generally, to understand the relation between these two conditions in a standard life-cycle model. We find that the relation between the effects on optimal years of schooling and expected lifetime labor supply differs systematically with respect to mortality reductions at different stages of the life cycle. Based on these systematic differences, we find that longer lifetime labor supply is not sufficient for increased years of schooling for all mortality reductions occurring during the schooling phase, and not necessary for increased years of schooling for some mortality reductions during the working phase.     

Human resource management practices and voluntary turnover: a study of internal workforce and external labor market contingencies

We tested relationships between employee quit rates and two bundles of human resource (HR) practices that reflect the different interests of the two parties involved in the employment relationship. To understand the boundary conditions for these effects, we examined an external contingency proposed to influence the exchange-based effects of HR practices on subsequent quit rates – the local industry-specific unemployment rate – and an internal contingency proposed to shape employees’ conceptualization of their exchange relationship – their employment status (i.e. full-time, part-time and temporary employment). Analyses of lagged data from over 200 Canadian establishments show that inducement HR practices (e.g. extensive benefits) and performance expectation HR practices (e.g. performance-based bonuses) had different effects on quit rates, and the former effect was moderated by unemployment rate. The effects of HR practices on quit rates did not differ between FT and PT employees, but a different pattern of main and interactive effects was found among temporary workers. These findings suggest that employees’ exchange-based decisions to leave may be less affected by the number of hours they expect to work each week, and more by the number of weeks they expect to work.     

中国省域劳动就业影响因素的空间计量分析

利用2000-2009年中国29个省级单位数据建立空间计量模型对影响劳动就业的各因素及其空间效应进行检验分析。结果显示:省际劳动就业存在显著的空间相关性,邻近省域就业的溢出效应对本省具有正向影响,且该效应从东部到西部地区呈阶梯状依次递减,东部地区就业较中西部地区具有更强的区间联动性。省域技术进步、财政支出、市场化和产业结构优化无论从全国层面还是地区层面均对劳动就业具有显著的促进作用,且财政支出对中西部就业的影响明显大于东部地区;城市化与实际工资对东部就业影响不显著,但能够显著促进中西部地区就业增长。促进区间联动、加快市场化、城市化和产业结构优化步伐、完善和优化财政支出结构是增加就业的重要举措。     

就业增长、投资与初次分配中的劳动报酬占比

本文通过生产函数和联立方程模型,发现在非农就业增长、投资和劳动报酬占比之间存在着密切的相互联系和影响:在劳动力从农业部门转移到现代部门的过程中,由于未能获得与其边际产出相等的工资报酬,使得劳动报酬占比下降而资本所得份额上升,资本所得份额的上升促进了投资,投资的增加保证了非农就业的持续增长。我们通常把劳动报酬占比下降和高投资率视为中国经济失衡的表现之一并给予特殊关注,但是,本文所揭示的劳动报酬占比变化的内在机制不仅反映了中国经济增长的一些典型特征,也表明高投资率和劳动报酬占比下降并不是经济失衡的表现,它们是非农就业增长的必然结果,也是保证非农就业持续增长的关键原因。劳动报酬占比的下降虽然恶化了居民之间的收入分配,却是中国经济模式所必须经历的发展阶段。     

农村剩余劳动力迁移的充要条件分析——基于预期收入成本理论

笔者结合收益成本理论及托达罗模型,在对农民预期迁移收益和成本分析的基础上,通过调研数据,分别对就地和异地两种迁移方式以及迁移前后的收益进行对比分析。结论显示:第一,农村剩余劳动力就地迁移和异地迁移的最低期望月薪差值远远大于异地迁移成本;第二,农民对就地迁移和异地迁移的最低期望月收入分别是农民在农村剔除务工收入后人均月收入的3.42倍和4.80倍,这两个比例数值即是本文寻求的焦点——农村剩余劳动力迁移的充要条件,并且该比例数值可能会随着不同地区农村经济水平的提高而减小。     

教育与劳动力市场关系研究

教育是多层次递进式的,经过多次甄别筛选,将劳动力纳入高低不同的生产力群体;教育也是多方向发散式的,当具备了基本的学习能力之后,会接受不同类型的专业教育,掌握不同的生产技能。这样,教育甄别筛选出高生产力者,并使其具有不同的生产技能,确定了劳动者所从事的专业领域以及在求职序列中的排位,决定了个体在劳动力市场中的最初定位点,实现了对劳动力的初步配置。本文在研究教育与劳动力市场关系的基础上,建立了教育对劳动力的甄别配置模型,并对我国劳动力市场中教育甄别配置功能的效率问题进行了探讨。