价值效益视点下的校园集约化规划设计

文章从经济效益的视点切入,阐述了在校园规划和单体设计阶段应该注重经济性等问题的认识和研究。注重价值效益对于促进校园步入高效集约化发展有重要的作用。     

Slippage Effects of the Conservation Reserve Program

Each year, billions of dollars of public funds are expended to purchase conservation easements on farmland. One unintended impact of these programs is that they may bring non-cropland into crop production. Such a slippage effect can be caused by increased output prices and by substitution effects. This article shows that for each one hundred acres of cropland retired under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) in the central United States, twenty acres of non-cropland were converted to cropland, offsetting 9 and 14% of CRP water and wind erosion reduction benefits, respectively. Implications of these results for the design of conservation programs are discussed.     

新疆全部国有及规模以上非国有工业行业经济效益评价及发展趋势分析

本文运用因子分析法,对新疆全部国有及规模以上非国有工业35个行业经济效益进行了评价,在对行业进行分类的基础上,分析了2002～2004年各行业经济效益的变化趋势。     

Shopping Benefits of Multichannel Assortment Integration and the Moderating Role of Retailer Type

To what extent should multichannel retailers integrate assortments across channels? Previous literature controversially discusses the question of which integration strategy is most successful but arguments are only conceptual, and no empirical assessment exists. This article presents a framework that (a) shows how customers’ perceived shopping benefits of variety, convenience, and reduced risk mediate the impact of multichannel assortment integration (full, asymmetrical, no) on patronage intentions and (b) differentiates the impact for retailer types based on substitutive, complementary, and independent assortment relations. Two large-scale experimental studies empirically investigate whether a dominant integration strategy exists in the context of full and simultaneous information (Study 1) and more uncertain and subsequent information accessibility (Study 2). We consistently find that full integration dominates no integration across assortment relations, but asymmetrical integration—the strategy that is most often realized by multichannel retailers—can have a detrimental impact for substitutive relations compared with no integration. Asymmetrical integration can be more beneficial than full integration for independent relations, while customer outcomes differ less for complementary relations. Researchers and managers can use our findings to understand how shopping benefits of variety, convenience, and reduced risk explain the different customer outcomes of multichannel assortment integration, depending on retailer type.     

Managerial Perceptions of Organizational Planning Benefits

Abstract

The last two decades have witnessed an increase in the number of business organizations which have recognised and adopted formal measures for undertaking strategic planning in industrialised countries. Notwithstanding the volume of pedagogical literature concerning strategic planning practice, there is limited evidence on issues relating to the planning process in developing nations. Although executives in transition developing economies may be stimulated to adopt a robust approach to planning their commercial activities, the justification for such an orientation has tended to rely upon intuitive thinking and conceptual contributions to knowledge. It is suggested that empirical tests or the anticipated benefits of planning might be more revealing and provide a grounded approach to assessing the utility of strategic planning for businesses operating in an emerging developing market. For this reason, the focus of this article is a discussion of the findings from an empirical study that investigated the perceived attitudinal and behavioural consequences of strategic planning, with the aim of determining the significance of such effects on planning among firms operating in Ghana's transition economy. A number of favourable outcomes are identified in managerial perceptions of planning. The implications     

The perceived benefits of agritourism: The provider’s perspective

This study examines the perceived benefits of agritourism by examining the importance of this activity in accomplishing 16 goals of farmers receiving visitors for recreation on their farms. This study also examines several farm household and business attributes associated with the accomplishment of four goal dimensions driving agritourism development. Data were derived from a survey conducted among 164 agritourism farms in Missouri. Results showed that agritourism mostly serves to capture new farm customers, educate the public about agriculture and enhance the quality of life for the farm family, which represents both, economic and non-economic benefits. Organized by goal dimensions, findings showed that agritourism is perceived as most important for market related goals, suggesting that the economic role of agritourism should not only be measured in terms of increased profits but also as a marketing tool. Four significant regression models showed that several farm business and household attributes are associated to the perceived agritourism benefits within four goal dimensions, suggesting opportunities for tailored promotional messages and policy considerations for the entrepreneurial development of agritourism.     

浅谈会计电算化与企业管理

在日益发达的信息技术条件下,利用会计电算化来实现企业的高效管理,提升企业的现代化管理水平,从而达到提高企业经济效益的水平,是企业始终追寻的目标。随着企业不停的发展壮大,企业日常经济活动越加频繁与复杂化。会计电算化的重要性在企业的集中管理中凸显了出来。为此,需要我们对会计电算化对企业管理的影响进行研究。     

深部高应力影响变形巷道加固技术

采用预应力锚索加固支护深部高应力影响变形巷道与螺纹钢等强锚杆支护体系相比较,两帮位移速度和顶底板移近速度均明显降低,顶板离层量远小于离层临界值,说明巷道围岩已基本趋于稳定,支护方式完全可行,经济效益十分明显。     

Benefits analysis of particulate matter control programs – a case study of Tokyo

The objective of this case study was to assess economic benefits of past environmental policies of particulate matter (PM) in Tokyo by comparing observed pre‐control PM levels in 1975 and post‐control levels in 1998. The point estimates of the numbers of additional cases of avoided premature mortality and morbidity due to PM pollution control were (1) 3900 long‐term deaths in adults aged 30 years and older (population 5?098?000), (2) 4700 cases of chronic bronchitis in adults aged 30 years and older, (3) 7800 cases of in‐patient cardiovascular disease in adults aged 65 and older (population 1?281?942), (4) 3100 cases of in‐patient pneumonia in adults aged 65 and older, (5) 2500 cases of in‐patient chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults aged 65 and older, (6) 390?000 asthma attacks in asthmatics (population 450?000), and (7) 4500 cases of acute bronchitis in children aged 8–12 (population 300?300) during a one‐year period. The point estimate of medical costs in adults and children plus the cost of lost wages was a purchasing power parity‐adjusted $38 billion USD. Overall these results appear more likely to be underestimates than overestimates due to several unquantified benefits. The calculations of avoided health and productivity impacts suggest that pollution control policies successfully prevented a large expense to the society in extra medical care and lost work time.     

Generational Gap： Intrinsic （Non-monetary） Versus Extrinsic （Monetary） Rewards in the Workforce

Traditionally, organizations assume that compensation/pay and monetary benefits are what all employees need to work harder, be productive, or remain with the company. According to Abraham Maslow, within every person is a hierarchy of five needs： physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs Organizations must be able to identify what employees desire to secure optimum performance and to meet the needs of both employees and employers. This research focuses on the generational gap and the significance of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards in the workforce. The purpose and objective of this research are to test the significance of monetary versus non-monetary rewards among the different generations in the organization. A self-designed questionnaire distributed to a multi-generational group of employees of selected organizations was used to collect the analyzed data. Sixty-five （65%） responses were obtained. Secondary data were used to elucidate the needs in this area of study. Because the workforce is predicted to become more diverse in terms of age, organizations will be unlikely to implement one set of rewards for the multiple generations. This is due to the differing expectations and requirements among the generations. However, the results indicate no significant difference in monetary versus non-monetary rewards among the different generations in the workforce.