Price Rigidity and the Selection of the Exchange Rate Regime

We evaluate and qualify Friedman's, 1953, “case for flexible exchange rates” in the presence of sticky prices in a two country model. We find that a flexible regime performs indeed better when the degree of nominal price rigidity is high while a bilateral peg does better when prices are fairly flexible. This result obtains independent of whether monetary policy is activistic or not and is mostly due to the negative relationship between employment and productivity shocks when prices are relatively sluggish (Gali, 1999). A unilateral peg tends to produce the lowest level of world welfare but it sometimes represents the best monetary arrangement for the pegger. JEL Classification Numbers: E32, E52, F33, F42     

Fiscal Policy,Monetary Policy and the Mechanics of Modern Clearing and Settlement Systems

Thomas Palley, Eric Tymoigne and Randall Wray recently debated neo-Chartalism in this journal. This article argues that the mechanics of modern clearing and settlement systems is important to understanding this debate. In the neo-Chartalist framework taxes and bond issuance function as part of monetary policy; it is an alternative method for draining reserves to obtain the overnight target rate. Abba Lerner’s Chartalist framework is much clearer on public finance, noting that the federal government can use alternative financing methods to pay for expenditures. Palley’s concerns with central bank ‘money financing’ and inflation are unpersuasive. The Old Keynesian ‘budget restraint– high-powered money relation’ offers limited insight into modern clearing and settlement systems. The article concludes that policymakers should embrace Lerner’s advice and view ‘money printing’ as a normal policy instrument to support functional finance.     

中国货币政策传导机制分析——利率渠道的实证分析

市场经济条件下，在发达的货币市场和有效的金融机制基础上，货币政策主要通过利率、汇率、非货币资产和信贷传播四条途径影响宏观经济总量。本文重点通过对利率传导渠道的实证分析，说明中国由于利率管制等方面对货币政策传导的阻滞作用，中央银行的货币政策意图不能有效地指导实体经济，进而对疏导货币政策的传导机制提出对策建议。     

货币政策为何及如何关注食品价格

食品价格是通货膨胀压力的灵敏反映指标,且由于食品部门供应价格弹性、存货缓冲能力、需求价格弹性和生产效率相对较低,产品同质化程度相对较高,食品价格的弹性明显高于非食品价格,加之在通货膨胀和经济周期过程中,食品部门具有需求顺周期和供给逆周期的特征,食品价格波动幅度往往远高于非食品价格,存在一定程度的超调。因此,文章建议货币政策应充分关注食品价格,同时适当提高对食品价格波幅的容忍程度。     

从我国国民经济“软着陆”看金融宏观调控的作用

国民经济的高速发展往往伴随着高通货膨胀,既保持经济的适度增长,又维持较低的通货膨胀,这是许多国家都想达到而又难以达到的理想境界。本文从我国近几年的经济发展情况出发,论述了金融宏观调控政策的内容、目标及手段,介绍了我国进行宏观调控的措施和方法,说明了金融宏观调控政策在国民经济"软着陆"中的作用。     

农民宅基地退出差异性受偿意愿及其影响因素分析

研究目的:宅基地退出工作能否顺利推进与退地补偿息息相关,研究宅基地退出中农民差异性受偿意愿及其影响因素,以服务决策。研究方法:基于重庆市890份农民实地调查数据,应用多元离散选择模型(Logit)进行定量研究。研究结果:(1)传统农区的农民更愿意选择货币补偿;城乡结合部(街道办)的农民更愿意选择安置补偿;农民修建补偿选择率总体偏低,区位差异并不明显;(2)农民货币受偿意愿影响因素主要包括受教育程度、家庭主要成员是否定居城镇、非农务工收入、新居住地适应性;(3)农民安置受偿意愿影响因素主要包括年龄、农房是否自住、退地补偿是否有截留、村基础设施状况;(4)农民修建受偿意愿影响因素主要包括农房造价、农房是否新建、退地补偿是否有截留;(5)影响农民受偿意愿的因素存在较大差异,同一因素可能对农民选择受偿意愿产生不同的影响,但没有一个自变量同时对三个因变量产生显著影响。研究结论:应针对农民受偿意愿差异及其影响因素,实行产异化的补偿措施,在经济发展相对滞后的传统地区,强化村落基础设施建设的同时,加大现金补偿力度。对于经济较为发达、区位条件较好的城乡结合部地区,应加大安置补偿力度,以保障退地农民的居住权。     

Central Bank's interventions and the Fisher hypothesis: a threshold cointegration investigation

The long-run relationship between nominal interest rates and inflation is examined, allowing for structural breaks and asymmetric mean reversion. From a Threshold AutoRegressive (TAR) test applied to the residuals of the cointegration relationship (while allowing for both a break in the mean of the long-run equation and a smooth regime-transition), there is strong evidence for non-linear mean reversion properties for the real interest rates of the US Treasury Bill market. This suggests asymmetric changes to inflation shocks in the Central Bank's reaction function. The existence of different regimes is consistent with some interpretations of the monetary policies run by the Fed, such as credibility and opportunism.     

不同预期冲击的叠加效应与预期管理优化——以货币政策预期和技术进步预期为例

“预期转弱”是当前中国经济高质量发展面临的难点之一,需要通过优化预期管理来提振预期。现实经济中存在不同类型的多样化预期,然而现有研究大多研究单个预期（特别是货币政策预期）冲击的宏观经济效应,对不同预期的叠加效应缺乏系统深入的探讨。本文将预期分为政策预期（基于政府制定、调整及实施宏观经济政策产生的预期）和非政策预期（基于社会经济发展实态等形成的预期）,并认为：当政策预期与非政策预期相契合时,两种预期冲击叠加会对政策有效性产生“累进（退）”效应;当政策预期与非政策预期错位时,两种预期冲击叠加对政策有效性会产生“抵消”效应。比如,宽松货币政策的实施及相应的预期管理操作会使经济主体产生未来经济向好的预期,并激励其采取积极的投资和消费行为,进而提高货币政策的有效性;现实经济中良好的技术进步态势会使经济主体形成未来经济繁荣的预期,并促使采取积极的创新、投资、消费行为,最终表现为货币政策有效性提高;两种正向预期的叠加则会进一步增强宽松货币政策的有效性。采用货币政策调控指数和全要素生产率来描述货币政策和技术进步预期冲击,运用DSGE模型和SV-TVP-FAVAR模型对“无预期冲击”“存在货币政策预期冲击”“存在技术进步预期冲击”“存在货币政策和技术进步双重预期冲击”4种情形下的货币政策有效性进行模拟分析和实证检验,结果显示,两种预期冲击均增强了货币政策有效性,并在总体上形成叠加“累进”效应。与现有文献相比,本文进行了如下改进和拓展：一是基于政策预期与非政策预期的角度探究货币政策和技术进步预期冲击的叠加效应,二是采用货币政策调控指数回避以往研究中量价工具“非此即彼”的选择问题,三是运用SV-TVP-FAVAR模型为货币政策和技术进步预期冲击的宏观经济效应提供经验证据。本文研究表明,预期管理是一项系统性工程,需要构建和完善宏观调控预期管理体系。要正确认识政策预期与非政策预期的契合与错位,利用政策预期增强（弱化）积极（消极）的非政策预期,并优化各种预期管理之间的方式匹配和期限组合;政策预期管理的优化要提高各种政策调整之间的协同性,并完善政策信息传导机制;非政策预期管理的优化则要完善宏观经济信息传导机制,并改善市场环境。货币政策预期管理的改进,需要提高政策调整及工具使用的合理性和适宜性,并不断完善央行沟通、前瞻指引等预期管理方式,实现政策信息传导的及时有效。     

不同货币政策工具的实施效果实证分析——基于中国数据的VAR检验

由于我国特殊的国情,国有及国有控股企业占主导地位;同时随着经济开放程度的加深,私营企业、外资企业和其他非国有集体企业对经济增长贡献率不断提升.这两方面的原因加大了我国货币政策工具有效调控宏观经济的难度.然而,通过建立VAR模型对各种货币政策工具进行脉冲响应分析后认为,要提高我国货币政策工具的实际效果,必经途径是推动利率市场化和进一步深化国有及国有控股企业市场化.     

Reserve Requirements,Liquidity Risk,and Bank Lending Behavior

Although reserve requirements (RR) have been used in emerging markets to smooth credit cycles, the transmission mechanism remains blurry. Using bank‐level data, we unveil the interaction of RR with bank lending. We identify a new channel that works through a decline in banks’ liquid assets and loan supply due to an increase in RR. “Quantitative tightening” through RR raises the short‐term funding needs of the banking system, which is met by collateralized central bank lending, thus depleting banks’ unencumbered liquid assets. Our results suggest that such a shift in bank liquidity is associated with a significant change in lending.