Market Research for the Optimization of the Consumers Response to the Recent Award of a Protected Geographical Indication to a Local Product,Beans from “La Bañeza-León” (Spain)

Abstract

In Europe several low involvement food products with reduced productions have been awarded with a PGI or PDO during the last few years. The beans from La Bañeza-León (Spain) are an example of this and received a PGI in September 2005. The general objective was to appraise the effect that the award of the PGI to such kinds of food products has in consumers, in order to optimize the managerial and public policies, and to get maximum advantage from the PGI distinction in the commercialization of them. For low involvement products with PGI, the general guidelines should be to keep the prices as low as possible, to develop intensive public information campaigns about the award of the PGI, and to offer the product in medium or high involvement restaurants, in order to reach those consumers willing to pay more for the product, that are mainly in the age range of 36 to 45 years. It is also discussed that the PGI label would have more interest than a private brand. Specifically for beans from “La Bañeza-León,” the PGI Council should urgently tackle a promotional campaign about the product and the PGI award that should reach to most of the consumers in the target markets, taking into account that as the distance from the production area increases the knowledge of the product decreases. This campaign should help the consumer to clearly identify the beans from the PGI by using an attractive logo, and to inform them that the beans from the PGI are superior than substitutive beans in taste and cooking time. Finally, public campaigns that promote the consumption of beans among youth would be necessary.     

Legislación laboral,participación salarial y desempleo en seis países de la OCDE entre 1970 y 2010

Los autores analizan el impacto de la legislación laboral sobre el desempleo y sobre la participación salarial en la renta nacional en Alemania, Estados Unidos, Francia, Japón, Reino Unido y Suecia de 1970 a 2010. Su modelo dinámico de datos de panel estima los efectos a corto y a largo plazo de los cambios normativos. No se observa una relación consistente entre el desempleo y las leyes de protección del empleo, pero estas correlacionan positivamente con la participación salarial. Las leyes sobre tiempo de trabajo y representación colectiva parecen favorecer la eficiencia empresarial y la igualdad de ingresos.     

互耦效应对DOA估计的影响

在均匀线性阵列模型下,结合常规波束形成算法、Capon最小方差无失真响应（MVD R）波束形成算法、MUSIC算法、ESPRIT算法和Root MUSIC算法等几种主要到达角（DOA）估 计算法的原理,分析了互耦效应影响这些算法的作用机理,并利用MATLAB进行了数值仿真。 理论分析和仿真结果表明,互耦效应带来的误差增大了DOA估计算法的估计误差,降低了估 计成功概率,严重影响了算法的性能。     

计数型位屏蔽射频识别防碰撞算法设计

提出了一种新的二进制搜索防碰撞算法。通过在标签中设置屏蔽寄存器,对阅 读器已知的数据比特位进行屏蔽,标签仅返回阅读器不知道的冲突位信息,可以有效减小阅 读器和标签之间相互传送的数据比特数;通过在标签中设置休眠计数器,减小了搜索标签的 总次数,进一步减小了阅读器发送的数据比特数。该方法有效提高了阅读器识别标签的速率 。     

Ritual legitimation, de-coupling and the budgetary process: managing organizational hypocrisies in a multinational company

The study of participation in the budgetary cycle has formed a prominent part of the research literature concerned with the budgetary process. More recently there has emerged a body of literature concerned with exploring the political and symbolic nature of the budgetary process. The paper reports upon the outcomes of an empirical study of the introduction of `budgetary participation' in a division of a European subsidiary of a large North American car manufacturer. We detail the long process of consultation and negotiation within the subsidiary, and between it and the European Headquarters. The study provides a revealing instance of the roles of formal budget participation as a ritual of control and legitimation without the substantive involvement of middle managers and suggested to us the introduction of de-coupling and organizational hypocrisy alongside the introduction of budget participation. The study pays close attention to the contingent effects of the wider political context of the division and the relationships between the division, its organizational context and organizational environment, and how this context played upon the budgetary process in the division. The outcomes that we analyse at `Delta' reflect the de-coupling strategies and organizational hypocrisies commonly found in public sector organizations. In this wider setting the corporation persists with the ritual of `tight' budget negotiation and target setting and apparent underachievement in performance. Yet we conclude that the complex technological and political context to the formation and siting of Delta continued and may continue to support its existence.$g0     

白灵菇产业发展现状、问题及对策

白灵菇是我国具有自主知识产权和明确原产地的品种,以独特的风味、细嫩的质感、丰富的营养以及保健功能受到大众喜爱,栽培规模越来越大。该文对白灵菇产业发展现状、市场前景和存在的问题进行了阐述和分析,并提出了白灵菇产业持续、健康、快速发展的对策。     

Estimation of the underlying structure of systematic risk with the use of principal component analysis and factor analysis

We present an improved methodology to estimate the underlying structure of systematic risk in the Mexican Stock Exchange with the use of Principal Component Analysis and Factor Analysis. We consider the estimation of risk factors in an Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) framework under a statistical approach, where the systematic risk factors are extracted directly from the observed returns on equities, and there are two differentiated stages, namely, the risk extraction and the risk attribution processes. Our empirical study focuses only on the former; it includes the testing of our models in two versions: returns and returns in excess of the riskless interest rate for weekly and daily databases, and a two-stage methodology for the econometric contrast. First, we extract the underlying systematic risk factors by way of both, the standard linear version of the Principal Component Analysis and the Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis estimation. Then, we estimate simultaneously, for all the system of equations, the sensitivities to the systematic risk factors (betas) by weighted least squares. Finally, we test the pricing model with the use of an average cross-section methodology via ordinary least squares, corrected by heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariances estimation. Our results show that although APT is very sensitive to the extraction technique utilized and to the number of components or factors retained, the evidence found partially supports the APT according to the methodology presented and the sample studied.     

Calidad del empleo en América Latina. Teoría y datos empíricos

Los estudios sobre desarrollo dedicados al empleo en América Latina se han centrado en la cantidad de empleos y en la productividad, pero dada la persistencia de grandes bolsas de empleo informal y precario, los autores mantienen que es necesario considerar la situación laboral y contractual dentro de la calidad del empleo. Sobre la base de datos empíricos de las últimas décadas, concluyen que casi todas las dimensiones de este concepto, incluida la protección social, dependen de la firma de un contrato. Esta conclusión les lleva a defender políticas que estabilicen el empleo formal y garanticen una financiación adecuada de la protección social.     

Progreso social y producción mundializada. El caso del sector de los textiles y el vestido

La especialización vertical generada por la fragmentación de la producción en redes mundiales no solo está motivada por la ventaja comparativa, sino también por las estrategias de deslocalización de las empresas líderes, que determinan el papel y el poder negociador de los productores locales. Este estudio examina las consecuencias de tal especialización en los textiles y el vestido en 26 países con abundante mano de obra de 1990 a 2007. Las regresiones de efectos fijos con datos de panel revelan que el sector no siempre gana con la integración comercial internacional: se observa una correlación negativa entre la especialización vertical y los salarios reales relativos.     

Presiones en contra y a favor de la formalización. Regulación y empleo informal en Mozambique

La economía informal representa la mayor parte del empleo en muchas economías emergentes. Según la teoría de la regulación, toda actividad económica se regula por un complejo engranaje de mecanismos formales e informales. A partir del caso de Mozambique, este artículo explora las presiones a favor y en contra de la formalización y las formas que puede tomar la regulación, sobre la base de una investigación cualitativa consistente en entrevistas en profundidad a personal directivo y observaciones. Los resultados revelan la ambivalencia del Estado al respecto, con actuaciones «progresistas», centradas en la modernización de normativas e instituciones, y otras «conservadoras» que inhiben el proceso de formalización.