Effect of non‐IFRS earnings reporting guidelines on underlying earnings reporting quality: The case of Australian listed firms

This study investigates Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) 200 firms in the post–Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) period (2011–2014) to examine how listed firms follow the non–International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) earnings reporting guidelines issued by ASIC to communicate underlying earnings reporting quality. We find that firms that do not comply with the ASIC guidelines have lower underlying earnings reporting quality than do firms that comply with these guidelines. Firms that do not follow the ASIC guidelines are found to exclude income‐increasing underlying earnings adjustments to make underlying earnings appear more profitable than IFRS earnings when they miss earnings targets or make current losses, and that they report underlying earnings opportunistically by excluding recurring expenses that persist into future operating earnings. Unlike ASIC non‐compliance firms, ASIC compliance firms attempt to act as responsible reporters by reporting underlying earnings in a responsible manner to demonstrate a judicious use of discretion in informing shareholders. Further, we find that underlying earnings reported by non‐compliance firms are less value‐relevant than underlying earnings reported by compliance firms.     

商誉会计处理探析

企业商誉的价值越来越受到经营者和投资者及其他相关人员的关注,企业商誉的会计处理又是一个特殊的问题。本文在参考《企业会计准则》和现行会计处理模式及惯例的基础上,介绍了商誉的概念,对商誉的确认、计量及减值损失的会计处理进行了探析,以期能帮助使用者更好地理解商誉。     

银行损失、资本缓冲与货币政策效果

基于中国银行业1998-2010年面板数据,本文检验银行的损失对贷款供给的影响,并分析资本缓冲(buffer)和货币政策态势(stance)在这种影响中的作用,以进一步考察货币政策效果。经验结果表明:银行损失会导致贷款供给减少,这种影响在银行资本缓冲较少或货币政策紧缩时更明显,在危机时期这种影响也更明显;当资本缓冲较高时,货币政策紧缩使得贷款增长下降较多;货币政策对维护银行业稳定具有重要的作用。     

The Market Response to Beating After‐tax Earnings Targets Revisited using Analysts’ Pre‐tax Earnings Forecasts and Concurrent Tax Note Disclosures

We investigate whether the premium for achieving after‐tax earnings targets is informed by the availability of pre‐tax and after‐tax earnings forecasts. We find evidence the premium is discounted for firms achieving only after‐tax earnings forecasts compared with firms achieving both forecast targets. This is likely due to the uncertainty about future profitability and earnings quality created by failing to attain pre‐tax earnings targets. For firms achieving only pre‐tax earnings forecasts, no premium is documented. Taken together, our results indicate that while pre‐tax earnings forecasts may not move the market, they have an informational role in providing a context for assessing the achievement of after‐tax earnings targets. We also consider the usefulness of the tax note disclosures of deferred tax assets from carry‐forward losses for assessing the premium for achieving after‐tax earnings targets. Reflecting the duality of this tax deferral, we find evidence that recognition of these tax assets conveys information about lower earnings quality when recognition is likely to be opportunistic (in the case of firms achieving only after‐tax forecasts), and provides a signal of future profitability (in the case of firms achieving only pre‐tax forecasts).     

建立我国环境巨灾风险损失补偿机制的路径选择

我国面临严重的环境巨灾风险损失,现行环境巨灾风险损失补偿体系存在一定的局限,必须建立行之有效的环境巨灾风险损失补偿机制.建立我国环境巨灾风险损失补偿机制的路径:建立稳定增长的财政投入机制;建立多层次环境巨灾风险应对机制;建立环境巨灾风险再保险机制;建立环境巨灾风险基金;建立环境巨灾风险证券化机制.     

中国上市公司非经常性损益列报的监管惩戒考察

根据1999～2009年证监会与交易所查处的非经常性损益列报违规事件的统计资料,发现此类违规行为的违规成本低,体现在其被查处的概率低和惩罚力度弱。为了保护投资者利益,保证金融市场健康有序发展,可考虑完善资本市场民事赔偿制度,建立集团诉讼机制,借助惩戒机制来加大违规成本。     

Lost Generations: Long-Term Effects of the COVID-19 Crisis on Job Losers and Labour Market Entrants,and Options for Policy*

This paper discusses the potential long-run effects of large-scale unemployment during the COVID-19 crisis in the labour market on vulnerable job losers and labour market entrants in the United States. The paper begins by contrasting measures of the scale of job loss during the crisis. These measures are paired with estimates from past recessions indicating that the costs of job loss and unemployment can reduce workers’ earnings and raise their mortality for several decades. Focusing only on a subset of vulnerable job losers, the potential lifetime earnings losses from job loss related to the COVID-19 pandemic are predicted to be up to $2 trillion. Related losses in employment could imply a lasting reduction in the overall employment–population ratio. For these workers, losses in potential life years could be up to 24 million. Even at the low range, the resulting estimates are substantially larger than losses in potential life years from deaths directly due to COVID-19. New labour market entrants are at risk to suffer long-term losses in earnings and mortality as well. Based partly on experiences in other countries, the paper discusses potential reforms to short-time compensation programmes and unemployment insurance, which could help limit the short- and long-term harm from layoffs going forward.     

How cropland losses shaped by unbalanced urbanization process?

Urbanization has widely known to directly consume swaths of cropland worldwide. Knowledge on what kinds of urbanization processes spared cropland is important for land use planning. This study offered insights on the impact of city level (city hierarchy: from the 1st to the 6th Tier cities) and urbanization modes (mega-city, city, town and village modes) on cropland losses through a first-ever continuous national survey on 345 prefectural level cities or above in mainland China from 2003 to 2016. We found that higher tier cities were associated with more direct and severe losses. Specifically, over 80 % of the recent urbanization formed on cropland in the 1st Tier cities, and the newly 1st Tier cities suffered the most rigorous losses. At national level, mega-city mode urbanization resulted in direct cropland losses (80 %) and the village mode was associated with prominent high-quality ratio (45 %). Town mode spared cropland more than village mode. However, ranking with urbanization mode was less obvious and even changed in the lower-Tier cities. At national scale, around 1.45 % of the total cropland area (approximately 2297 km² per year), including 1.06 % of high quality cropland area (approximately 852 km² per year), has been permanently lost. The most rapid cropland loss was in 2009 (3464 km²), and that of high quality cropland occurring in 2007 (1775 km²). Over 95 % cropland losses located in the east of the Hu line. Findings in this study called for target adaptive planning with full considerations of city hierarchy and urbanization mode. Particularly, land use policies to effective support land development in small towns can potentially relief pressure on cropland.     

Treatment Value of Residual Functional Capacity Improvement among Disabled Workers: Accounting for Hedonic Psychological Biases

We propose to use the theoretical Mincer-Ofek (1982) model of career interruptions for the evaluation of a health producing treatment that improves residual functional capacity of workers with peripheral nerve injuries who developed chronic pain (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy). The revalued potential to – partially – continue to accumulate productive human capital is linked to increased lifetime earnings capacity restoring – missed out – accumulated productivity. We assume that a worker's psychological well-being directly influences earnings, but also affects the cognitive mechanism to experience pain. Randomized clinical trial data and individual medical records from impaired workers are compared with a control group of randomly selected healthy workers. The estimate of the treatment's average net present value is 49.500 euros per person (in 1995 Dutch guilders constant terms).