A Personal View of the Evolution of the Accounting Professoriate

The first three‐quarters of this paper are a review and analysis of the evolution of the accounting research environment, primarily in the United States but also with respect to Canada, from the 1960s to the present time. The final quarter of the paper consists of a critique of contemporary approaches to accounting research as well as recommendations for reform.     

Évaluation du crédit et fiscalité : l’incidence des écarts entre résultat comptable et résultat fiscal sur la variation des notations

Les auteurs se demandent si les analystes de crédit utilisent l’information que livrent les écarts entre résultat comptable et résultat fiscal dans l’analyse du risque de crédit que présentent les entreprises. L’augmentation de l’écart entre résultat comptable et résultat fiscal peut être révélatrice pour les agences d’évaluation du crédit, car elle peut signaler une détérioration de la qualité des résultats ou des modifications dans le financement hors bilan de l’entreprise. Les résultats de l’étude semblent indiquer l’existence d’un lien négatif significatif entre les changements positifs dans les écarts entre résultat comptable et résultat fiscal et la variation des notations. Cette observation confirme l’hypothèse selon laquelle les changements positifs importants dans les écarts entre résultat comptable et résultat fiscal signalent une détérioration de la qualité des résultats et (ou) une augmentation du financement hors bilan. Les auteurs constatent également que les changements négatifs importants dans les écarts entre résultat comptable et résultat fiscal donnent lieu à des variations des notations moins favorables, ce qui corroborerait la thèse selon laquelle ces changements signalent une détérioration de la qualité des résultats. En procédant à des analyses complémentaires, les auteurs observent que le lien entre les changements dans les écarts entre résultat comptable et résultat fiscal et la variation des notations est moins marqué dans le cas des entreprises qui se livrent activement à la planification fiscale (les écarts entre résultat comptable et résultat fiscal étant, par exemple, plus susceptibles d’indiquer des activités de planification fiscale qu’une détérioration de la qualité des résultats).     

Forum: Teaching Professional Judgement in Accounting

In May 2005, the University of Lethbridge and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Alberta sponsored the Banff Education Conference entitled Professional Judgement: Can It Be Taught? The opening forum at the conference was a panel discussion on the topic presented by academics and practitioners. The session included an overview of the research literature on expertise as a basis for considering the nature of professional judgement and the implications of various attributes of expertise for accounting education. Past practices and current pressures facing practitioners in exercising good judgement were addressed, including increased complexity of transactions and decreased time to assess problems. The forum also included a discussion of the need for educators to help guide students to develop an understanding of a problem rather than simply seek the answer. There was a discussion of particularly challenging topics for students to grasp in a principlesbased environment. The forum culminated in a question‐and‐answer session involving the panelists and the attendees at the conference. This paper summarizes the presentations and the discussion that took place during the forum. En mai 2005, l'Université de Lethbridge et l'Institut des comptables agréés de l'Alberta commanditaient le congrès de Banff sur l'éducation ayant pour thème la question suivante: le jugement professionnel s'enseigne‐t‐il? Le forum d'ouverture a consisté en une table ronde sur cette question au cours de laquelle enseignants et praticiens ont effectué un survol des publications de recherche sur la compétence qui a servi de point de départ à l'étude de la nature du jugement professionnel et des répercussions de diverses caractéristiques de la compétence sur la formation comptable. Les panélistes se sont penchés sur les méthodes passées et sur les pressions auxquelles sont actuellement soumis les praticiens dans l'exercice d'un jugement éclairé, notamment les difficultés occasionnées par la complexité accrue des transactions et la réduction du temps dévolu à l'évaluation des problèmes. Les panélistes ont également discuté de la nécessité pour les enseignants d'amener les étudiants à mieux comprendre les tenants et les aboutissants d'un problème plutôt que de simplement en chercher la solution. Ils ont également discuté d'enjeux particulièrement importants pour les étudiants dans un environnement axé sur les principes. Le forum s'est terminé par une période d'échange entre panélistes et participants au congrès. Le texte qui suit est un résumé des exposés présentés dans le cadre de ce forum et des discussions qui s'y sont déroulées.     

Seasonal employee leadership and turnover intention in the hospitality and tourism industry: Serial mediation model workplace ostracism and work alienation

Based on the Conservation of Resources Theory, this research aims to examine the relationship between seasonal employee leadership (SEL) and turnover intention (TI). The data was obtained by administering a survey to 450 seasonal employees working in 15 five-star hotels in Antalya. The findings revealed that SEL reduces TI, which is an important problem for the tourism industry. The study results show that SEL was negatively related to workplace ostracism (WO) and work alienation (WA) and TI. Further, the findings show the serial mediating effect of WO and WA between SEL and TI. The study makes useful recommendations to managers to eliminate ostracism, curb the feeling of alienation and decrease TI.     

Corporate social responsibility and stock price informativeness: The public interest perspective

In this paper, we propose a new theory that sheds a different light on the potential relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Stock Price Informativeness (PI). More specifically, we explain why a neutral association between CSR and PI can be an indicator of high economic and social welfare, while a positive association can be an indicator of both markets and governments failure. Under a neutral relationship, we argue that mandatory disclosure is getting firms to disclose near their optimal level. Therefore, any voluntary disclosure beyond the mandatory regime (such as CSR disclosure) should not improve PI. We base our hypothesis on public interest theory that suggests that regulators promote the public interest when a market failure is identified. On the other hand, under a positive association between CSR and PI, we argue that regulators do not offer adequate incentives for firms to disclose at their socially optimal levels because the level of voluntary disclosure by socially responsible firms is optimal in comparison to the level of mandatory disclosure provided by other firms with weak CSR engagement.     

The Commitment to Income-Decreasing Accounting Choices as a Credible Signal to Reducing Information Asymmetry: The Case of Asset Revaluations*

Bagnoli and Watts (2005) proposed that a manager could reduce information asymmetry by choosing an income-decreasing accounting choice that signals the firm's relatively good future prospects. A limitation in testing this theory is that most income-decreasing accounting choices over time reverse such that aggregated earnings would be the same, regardless of the choice. One income-decreasing accounting choice that never reverses is the choice of upward asset revaluation, where the resulting gains are recognized through other comprehensive income and reduce future earnings by increasing future depreciation expense. In the United Kingdom, prior to FRS15, firms had the option to upwardly revalue on a one-time basis. FRS15, and subsequently International Financial Reporting Standards, however, require those firms that upwardly revalue precommit to revalue on a consistent basis. This precommitment sacrifices future reporting discretion, which, according to the aforementioned study, serves as a costly signal of a firm's relatively good future prospects that reduces information asymmetry. The choice not to upwardly revalue, therefore, serves as a signal of a firm's relatively poor future prospects and also reduces information asymmetry, but this choice does not require precommitment such that the reduction in information asymmetry would be less than the choice to precommit to upward revaluations. Using a propensity-score matched-pair design on a sample of United Kingdom firms to test our predictions during the period requiring precommitment, we find lower forecast dispersion, lower return volatility, and a lower cost of capital for firms that precommit to upward asset revaluations, relative to those firms that choose not to upwardly revalue their operating assets. Keywords: upward asset revaluations, income-decreasing accounting choice, information asymmetry, precommitment     

Words and Numbers: Financialization and Accounting Standard Setting in the United Kingdom

How is it possible that British policymakers resisted market‐based measurement for decades while financial economic concepts of decision making and valuation still gained widespread acceptance as a justification for accounting standard setting? This study introduces the concept of “technologies of financialization” to develop the theorizing of the rise of finance in the domain of accounting. Based on a genealogical history of narrative reporting in the United Kingdom, it demonstrates how references to qualitative reporting techniques helped to address recurring crises of measurement from 1969 to 1993, and ultimately contributed to the practical acceptance of market‐based measurement in the UK standard‐setting context. The data are interpreted through a cultural economy framework that directs attention to the power of referring to financial reporting as a combination of words and numbers in sustaining its theoretical redefinition “from below”—that is, by relating it to the experience of practicing accountants rather than accounting theory. As a technology of financialization, narrative reporting made financial economic ideals of market‐based measurement, decision usefulness, and future orientation appear operable in a real‐life reporting context. Whenever measurement reached its practical limits, narratives were relied on to explain the impact of price‐level changes, frame economic decisions, and relate unobservable future cash flows to present‐day strategies and resources. The insight into how narrative reporting practices have been laced into the reasoning of capital markets for over 40 years is timely because it illustrates that narratives can also play a more encompassing role and drive the turn toward wider corporate accountability on social and environmental impacts while hard measurements in this area are still being figured out.     

Positive affectivity under work overload: Evidence of differential outcomes

We argue that, although positive affectivity (PA) provides intraindividual benefits when experiencing stress, this resilience to stressors does not necessarily translate into improved evaluations by others. In the context of our research, different outcomes in response to increased role overload are expected on the basis of prior theoretical and empirical research. We found that, under conditions of high role overload, those with high PA did not experience reduced job satisfaction (Study 1). However, supervisor‐rated performance decreased in the context of heightened role overload for those high in PA (Study 2). Thus, PA may help the individual cope, but it may not convert to increased performance ratings as reported by one's supervisor. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Differential Role of R&D and SG&A for Earnings Management and Stock Price Manipulation*

This paper documents a differential role of R&D versus selling, general, and administrative expenses (SG&A) for real earnings management. The distinction of these two components is important because prior studies mostly examine their combined use, but firms could manipulate them differently given the differing valuation implications. Reduced SG&A is viewed positively by investors as evidence of cost reduction, while reduced R&D is viewed negatively by investors as such expenditures are critical signals of expected growth. I examine their use in the context of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) as well as firms receiving accounting and auditing enforcement releases (AAERs). Although both groups face strong incentives to manage earnings upward by reducing expenses, I predict and find that firms will reduce SG&A but increase R&D. During the manipulation period, SEO and AAER firms exhibit lower discretionary SG&A and higher discretionary R&D, relative to control firms, and investors positively value low discretionary SG&A and high discretionary R&D. Overall, this study confirms the importance of distinguishing between R&D and SG&A in real earnings management contexts and suggests a complementary (substitutive) relation between cutting SG&A (R&D) and accruals management.     

Target Costing,Business Model Innovation,and Firm Performance: An Empirical Analysis of Chinese Firms

Market orientation theory was used to relate the implementation of target costing systems and business model innovation to firm performance using a sample of 189 electronics and information industry manufacturers in China. As expected, the implementation of target costing was positively associated with both business model innovations and firm performance. Further, the diversity of product development teams was also crucial. It positively moderated the association between target costing and business model innovation. Finally, the business model innovation was positively related to firm performance. Copyright © 2012 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.