养老保障制度"优化"理念分析

本文立足于养老保障制度的多层次和可持续发展目标,提出养老保障制度“新三支柱”和“八层次”优化理念,以及养老保障优化的性质界定、优化主线、优化效果、优化核心、优化目标。养老保障制度优化性质就是采取一定措施使养老保障水平“适度”和养老制度“可持续”发展。养老保障制度优化主线是养老资源的合理利用和效应最大化,也就是养老“人、财”体系的效用改进。养老保障制度优化的效果是构建一个“结构合理,功能提升,效率改进,发展持续”的养老制度体系。养老保障制度优化的核心是解决“资金平衡”和“利益均衡”。养老制度的优化标准和目标是制度的可持续发展,具体表现为养老制度的优化与风险控制、国民财富分配、人口结构、居民收入水平、社会文化等要素契合协调发展。在此基础上,提出优化养老方式整体效率、优化多层次抗风险、优化多责任破解时代难题、优化多元个人生命周期等政策建议。     

延迟退休年龄与养老保险收支余额:作用机制及政策效应

文章通过连续时间养老金收支模型分析认为延迟退休年龄对养老保险计划收支余额的影响来自四个方面的效应,即缴费年限效应、领取年限效应、替代率效应和差异效应。改革的最终效果是上述四种效应共同作用的结果。短期看,前两种效应占据主导;长期看,后两种效应也具有显著影响。延迟退休年龄的政策效果和工资增长率、养老金增长率、改革速度以及未来参保人口结构有关。理论分析和实证检验结果表明,无论从改革过程还是从对养老保险计划收支余额的影响看,延迟退休年龄都是一个复杂而渐进的过程,延迟退休年龄必将减轻政府在养老保险方面负担的传统说法并不全面。     

转型期农民工养老保险制度评析和模式选择

当前国内已形成了三种类型的农民工养老保险制度:纳入城保型、单独保险型、综合保险型。对三种制度的参与、权益享受、待遇水平等比较之后发现,三种制度各有优劣。农民工养老保险的模式设计应注意民意、经济、技术等的可行性,应按照农民工不同群体的特点和需求分别建立不同层次不同类型的社会养老保险模式。     

瑞士养老保险体系运行实践及对我国的启示

由于我国养老保险存在历史遗留问题和人口老龄化的双重压力,在建设新型养老保险体系时,需要充分借鉴外国经验。作为这方面最为成功的瑞士养老保险体系能够给我不少借鉴。本文从分析瑞士养老保险运行现状和面临问题出发,回归到我国养老保险现实中来,进而为建设新型养老保险体系提供具体建议。     

河北省新型农村养老保险试点分区域调查研究

新型农村养老保险制度是整个社会保障制度体系中的一个重要的组成部分。在对河北省新农保试点地区进行实地调研的基础上,从人们对政策的认知程度、参保率、宣传和经办服务、制度期望等多角度全面分析试点推进过程中存在哪些现实问题和主要难点,并借鉴其他省市试点经验,提出具有针对性的对策建议。     

新农保基金筹集问题探析——基于对河南省内黄县的调查

作为河南省首批新农保试点县,内黄县新农保基金筹集过程中存在诸如财政筹资比例相对较低,集体补助形同虚设,个人缴费档次低等问题。针对这些问题,应当适当提高财政筹资部分比例,增加村集体补助,提高个人缴费档次,重视将近60岁人口的缴费问题。     

上海市基本养老保险制度三大改革的基金精算评估

上海市为应对人口老龄化危机下城保的财务危机，实施了扩大覆盖面、延迟退休年龄和计发办法三大改革。PLT—M精算模型显示：扩大覆盖面和延迟退休年龄改革通过改善制度内赡养比发挥作用，前中期改善效果明显，之后改善逐年减弱，在长期反而会出现恶化现象，其中，整合综保对统筹账户具有持续性贡献；计发办法改革通过降低退休金水平改善代际核算平衡，前期改善程度最小，改善功能逐年加大。     

意大利应对老龄化问题的对策及其启示

在全球老龄化的趋势下，意大利也面临着老龄化严重问题，其老龄化率居欧洲各国之首。意大利在应对老龄化方面采取了一些积极的具体做法，积累了经验，如，改革养老金制度，出台灵活的就业市场政策以及提供老年职业培训等。目前，我国也正面临着老龄化问题的严峻挑战，意大利的做法和经验可为我国决策者提供参考。     

The impact of cash transfers on household welfare in Namibia

Namibia has a long history of providing a universal and non-contributory old age pension, child grants using means testing and quasi-conditionalities, and other cash transfers. Multivariate analysis presented in this paper confirms that these transfers play an important role in alleviating poverty, especially for the very poor. The poverty-reducing effects of the child grants are likely to increase further as access is being rapidly expanded. However, the impact in terms of reducing Namibia's extremely high inequality is limited. The targeting of the cash transfers towards the poorest groups takes place through two main channels. For the child grant, targeting occurs as a result of the orphan status eligibility criteria, as orphans are over-represented in lower-income households. For the universal social pension, it appears that some of the relatively less poor do not receive it even if they are eligible. Means testing of child grants appears ineffective, even without considering administrative costs.     

The influence of pension funds on corporate governance

Although pension funds have gained importance in the last two decades, their role has not been described in detail by economic models. This article focuses on the scope of these institutional investors when they are not satisfied with a management team of a company in which the pension fund holds a block of shares. Stock holdings by pension funds are largely dispersed. Therefore, any intervention by pension funds in corporate governance requires the formation of a coalition of pension funds. The realization of a coordinated intervention, in turn, is subject to the problems related to the provision of public goods, such as free riding. We find that the stock dispersion and the combined share of pension funds, coordination costs and the attractiveness of the exit option are relevant factors for determining the probability of the success of interventions.