养老机构数字化转型框架研究综述

养老机构数字化转型由于信息技术的进步和养老机构发展的局限性而受到广泛关注。对养老机构数字化转型进行文献梳理，结合企业、养老行业等的研究，从养老机构数字化转型的内涵、阶段划分、实现路径、面临障碍分析视角和策略等维度构建养老机构数字化转型研究的基本框架，总结现有研究的不足及未来转型的发展方向，为推动养老机构数字化转型提供有益参考。     

The elusive relation between pension discount rates and deficits

The relation between defined-benefit (DB) pension discount rates and funding status is more complex than it might first appear. Existing evidence suffers from estimation biases that make precise inference unreliable. We document the biases and quantify their impact on inference in relation to corporate window-dressing of DB funding status. Our empirical evidence from the United Kingdom suggests that pension sponsors use discretion in the choice of pension discount rate not only to reduce reported deficits but also to reduce reported surpluses.     

Can China's new rural pension scheme alleviate the relative poverty of rural households? An empirical analysis based on the PSM-DID method

Based on five-period panel data from the China Family Panel Studies 2010–2018, this paper uses the propensity score matching difference-in-differences (PSM-DID) method to comprehensively evaluate the effects of the New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS) on alleviating rural households' relative poverty. At the same time, based on the theory of sustainable livelihoods of rural households, the mediating effects model is applied to analyse the mechanism of rural households' livelihood capital. The results of the study are as follows. (1) The NRPS helps alleviate the relative poverty of rural households. (2) The livelihood capital of rural households is an important mechanism for the NRPS to alleviate the relative poverty of rural households, and social capital, financial capital, and human capital all play a part in the mediating effect. (3) The results of the heterogeneity tests based on the stage of rural households' participation in the NRPS and the region of participation in the NRPS indicate that the governance effects of the NRPS on rural households' relative poverty are more significant among households in the contributory stage and the central and western regions. Additionally, the results are supported by robustness tests, such as replacing the dependent variable and the PSM method. The findings of this paper have important implications for the establishment of a long-term mechanism to address relative poverty and the construction of a more efficient and inclusive rural social pension insurance system in China and other developing countries.     

Public pension policy and the equity–efficiency trade-off∗

This paper illustrates that the equity–efficiency trade-off between a redistributive, Beveridgean, pension system and an earnings-based, Bismarckian, scheme can collapse when accounting for labor supply effects on the extensive margins. I introduce a general equilibrium overlapping generations model with endogenous savings, human capital formation, and labor supply. The model is calibrated to an average OECD economy. The results suggest that allocating funds towards a Bismarckian pension system always reduces earnings inequality – and, in some cases, lifetime inequality – when compared with a Beveridgean scheme. However, the Bismarckian scheme crowds out more human capital in the economy following a higher steady-state interest rate.     

Effects of future pension benefits on pre-retirement labor supply: Evidence from Chile

In this paper, I estimate the effect of future pension benefits on pre-retirement labor supply for a representative sample of Chilean workers. Using nonlinear patterns in pension benefit formulas and a reform that permanently changed non-contributory pensions, I estimate the effect of pension accrual and expected pension wealth on labor force and contributory-sector participation, labor earnings, and hours worked. I find that the effect is concentrated on the impact of pension accrual on the probability to contribute to the pension system. The effect is heterogeneous and is concentrated among middle-aged workers, low-skilled workers, and workers with higher financial literacy.     

全国统筹有利于化解基础养老金缺口吗

基于养老保险精算模型对未来中国各省基础养老金缺口进行了测算,并重点考察了全国统筹对化解基础养老金缺口的政策效应.结果显示:(1)各省基础养老金缺口在演变趋势、规模大小和出现时间等方面存在较大差异,但绝大部分省份到测算期末将出现较大年度基金缺口和累计基金缺口.(2)基础养老金从2030年开始将出现全国层面的累计基金缺口,到2050年将形成高达842610.69亿元的累计基金缺口.(3)养老保险中央调剂制度能够在一定程度上均衡各省之间的养老负担,实现养老保险基金在全国范围内调剂使用,但无法从根本上化解基础养老金缺口.(4)养老保险费改由税务部门征收和统一养老保险缴费率将有利于缩小基础养老金缺口,二者的叠加政策效应可将2050年的累计基金缺口降至434134.65亿元.(5)在实现基础养老金全国统筹的前提下,适当降低养老保险缴费率,不仅可以有效减轻企业缴费负担,而且可以确保在2029年之前不出现基础养老金缺口.     

灵活就业人员的养老保障与生育意愿

作为青壮年劳动力大军中体量位于前列的灵活就业人员，既是新业态从业保障体系建设的焦点，又是生育潜力释放的重要来源。本文基于中国综合社会调查数据（CGSS2017），探讨了灵活就业人员的养老保障与生育意愿的互动关系。研究发现：第一，在参保行为方面，“养儿防老”的传统生养观念在实际中演化成为灵活就业人员增保防啃的动力，社会养老保险尚未有效发挥弥补家庭养老功能不足的作用。第二，在生育意愿方面，虽然获得养老保障显著降低了灵活就业人员生育三胎及多胎孩子的意愿，但社会养老保险为灵活就业人员提供的养老保障预期依旧没有改变灵活就业人员对于“养儿防老”的依赖。第三，在养老保障与生育意愿的互动方面，相较于商业养老保险，灵活就业人员参加社会养老保险对其生育意愿的影响更为显著，生育的保障预期对老年风险的分摊效应也主要体现在社会保险而非商业保险的参保上。上述结论预示着，单纯放开生育政策并不意味着能直接纾解社会养老的压力，生育政策也并非引导生育意愿的唯一途径。应不断推进社会养老保障的发展与完善，使其与家庭养老形成良性互补，消除民众的养老顾虑，整体上增强居民多孩生育决策的约束弹性和意愿。