高外贸依存度下的出口退税政策

改革开放初期,我国外汇短缺,为此国家实施“创汇战略”,实行出口退税。近年来,我国已成为全球第一大外汇储备国,形成一种全新的外贸环境。但另一方面也显现出我国经济对国际市场的依赖大大提高,外贸依存度不断上升。因此,我国对现行的出口退税政策进行了调整,此次调整将有利于进一步优化产业结构,促进外贸增长方式转变,推动进出口贸易均衡发展。     

试论消费税税制改革与完善

目前,消费税成为世界各国广泛研究的课题,在税收政策中扮演越来越重要的角色。我国自1994年1月开始征收消费以来,消费税收入从514．07亿元增长到1634亿元,翻了3倍。但是,由于消费税是一个与社会发展同步的税种,同时我国的消费税税制处于发展的初级阶段,现行消费税税制还存在一些问题。2006年4月1日,我国对消费税税制做了一次重大的调整,是自实行消费税以来第一次重大变革,为以后的进一步完善消费税指明了方向。     

推动公共财政发展的前瞻思考

自上世纪九十年代以来我国实行公共财政体系,虽然取得了一些成绩,积累了一些经验,但公共财政运行中的矛盾和深层次问题越来越突出。加快推进公共财政向纵深发展,改革现行财税管理体制,是不断完善公共财政运行体系的客观要求。     

纺织品出口退税下调——中国纺织业发展的新契机

纺织品出口退税率的下调对连续遭受外贸壁垒、原材料价格上涨、人民币升值等多重困难的中国纺织业来说,无疑又是一场新的严峻考验。一些业内人士甚至宣称纺织业出口即将面临“零利润”的生存困境。本文在分析中国纺织业面临多重压力的基础上,从纺织业贸易摩擦的缓和、产业的升级、以及产品议价能力提升的角度论述纺织品出口退税下调对中国纺织业发展带来的新契机。     

基于负债的中小企业经营策略

由于我国金融市场体系不健全和中小企业自身的原因,中小企业在发展过程中仍面临着较多问题,尤其资金短缺成为制约中小企业发展的瓶颈,负债更成为维持中小企业发展的一条捷径。中小企业应充分结合自身的特点、所在的外部融资环境、融资成本以及企业对资金的需求等要素,进行适度负债经营,选择适合自己的筹资方式,有效利用负债经营的有益之处,最大限度地提高经济效益。     

我国现行税制税权划分问题探析与对策

经济改革以来的20多年中,税权划分一直是中国政府间财政关系改革的焦点,目前的框架是在1994年财税改革基础上形成的集权色彩比较浓的分税制财政体制。如何科学、合理地划分中央与地方的税权,是我国财税体制改革需要解决的问题。本文从我国现行税制税权划分存在的问题和弊端入手,提出一些完善我国税权划的分基本思路和建议。     

A dynamic CGE model for jointly accounting ageing population,automation and environmental tax reform. European Union as a case study

We develop a dynamic Computable General Equilibrium model based on the combination of different versions of GTAP utilities where alternative scenarios on ageing population trends are combined with projections on the incidence of automation into production processes and the adoption of unilateral decarbonisation policies. By simultaneously controlling for these different challenges that especially developed countries should face in the next decades, it is possible to disentangle non-linear mechanisms that will influence sustainability of public budget when the three issues are jointly combined. The European Union is taken as a case study. The first result is that ageing trends will impact fiscal sustainability reducing the EU capacity to respect the Stability and Growth Pact parameters. Second, when also considering technical change related to automation and robotics in the production process, fiscal sustainability will improve only in the case of input-neutral technological change. On the contrary, if biased technical change produces unemployment impact, negative impacts of ageing population are reinforced by automation. Third, the adoption of an environmental tax, here modelled in the form of a carbon price, leads to an improvement in environmental sustainability but has non-linear effects of fiscal sustainability.     

The Deterrent Effect of Whistleblowing on Tax Collections

Abstract

Many countries use tax-related whistleblowing programs, but the evidence on these programs suggests information provided by whistleblowers yields modest tax collections. However, when every citizen could become a whistleblower, deterrence from tax evasion can by itself increase tax collections. We find that tax collections significantly increased after the introduction of the whistleblowing mechanism in Israel in February 2013, although this mechanism directly yielded little or no tax collections. In support of the hypothesis that deterrence led to the increase in tax collections, we find that collections increased in industries with high tax-evasion risk, but not in industries with low tax-evasion risk. Furthermore, the increase in tax collections occurred in corporations, where the timing and magnitude of tax payments are more discretionary, but not from employees, for whom employers directly deduct taxes. Eventually, following reports that the whistleblowing mechanism is ineffective, deterrence diminished and tax collections decreased, suggesting the deterrence effect was temporary.     

Heterogeneous firms,corporate taxes and export behavior: A firm-level investigation for Italy

This paper analyses the effect of home corporate taxes on a firm’s decision to expand the scale of its activity through exports using a rich dataset on Italian firms. Starting out from the observation that firms’ export activity vary greatly among them and tend to be systematically related to firm’s characteristics, we relate differences in firms’ export choices to firm level incidence of corporate taxes. Our results suggest that (i) corporate taxes matter at both the extensive and the intensive margin and (ii) higher corporate taxes may increase the probability of new firms’ entry in the foreign market while they decrease the export intensity of incumbent exporters.     

Endogenous cyclical corporate tax burden in China: The role of tax quotas and growth targets

Using data from China Annual Survey of Industrial Firms and addressing potential endogeneity problem, we find that corporate tax burden in China is procyclical during recessions and countercyclical during booms. The cyclicality is stronger for enterprises whose corporate income taxes are levied by Local Tax Bureau (LTB). Procyclicality of corporate tax burden during recessions is larger for enterprises located in county, non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs), non-high-tech enterprises and large-medium enterprises. Furthermore, tax quotas and growth targets of local governments enhance procyclicality during recessions and the countercyclicality of corporate tax burden during booms. Tax collection and government spending are important channels through which tax quotas and growth targets affect the cyclicality of corporate tax burden, respectively. This paper provides important policy implications for China during economic recessions.