Does MSRP impact women differently? Exploring gender-based differences in the effectiveness of retailer-provided reference prices

Despite the widespread use of gender-based segmentation strategies by marketers, researchers have paid little attention to examining gender-based differences in the processing of pricing information. Utilizing the selectivity hypothesis, we posit that men and women process external reference price (ERP) information differently. We report evidence from four different studies that confirm the proposed gender-based differences for ERP processing. Compared to men, women pay more attention to ERPs, expend greater effort processing ERPs, display a better recall of ERPs, and evaluate deals more favorably when deals include ERP information. Implications for managerial practice as well as future research on pricing are discussed.     

Optimal income taxation with tax avoidance

We determine the optimal income tax schedule when individuals have the possibility of avoiding paying taxes. Considering a convex concealment cost function, we find that a subset of individuals, located in the interior of the income distribution, should be allowed to avoid taxes, provided that the marginal cost of avoiding the first euro is sufficiently small. This contrasts with the results of Grochulski who shows that, using a subadditive cost function, all individuals should report their true income. We also provide a characterization of the optimal income tax curve.     

An Analysis of the Corporate Income Tax Policy of Less Developed Countries

Unlike in developed countries, corporate rather than personal tax is the greater source of public finance for less developed countries (LDCs). This paper analyzes the corporate income tax policy for a large panel of LDCs. The analysis shows that although the corporate tax rate has been decreasing, corporate tax revenues have been increasing. Contrary to standard tax competition theory, there is also strong evidence that corporate income taxes are increasing with respect to the LDCs’ openness, as measured by capital mobility. The analysis also shows that the corporate tax rate is increasing with respect to the personal tax rate, as income‐shifting theory predicts.     

Effects of development tax on leapfrog sprawl in a thinly traded land market

A behavior-driven agent-based model of exurban land market is used to assess the effectiveness of development tax on the control of leapfrog development. Acknowledging the stylized fact that land demand decreases while the supply increases along the urban-rural gradient, we show that development tax becomes ineffective when it limits the market competition on undeveloped land.     

保守主义思想回归与特朗普政府的网络安全战略调整

特朗普执政后,保守主义思想的回归引领了美国网络安全战略的转向。“美国优先”和传统共和党保守主义两种思想自上而下的调整与“黑客干预大选”事件自下而上的驱动共同推动形成了保守主义网络安全战略。联邦政府各部门并以此为指导制定了“全政府”的网络安全政策。主要表现为网络军事力量发展更加激进,并且试图突破“主权”限制,通过“持续交手”“前置防御”将行动空间拓展到他国主权范围;网络外交地位明显弱化,美国与主要大国之间网络外交陷入低谷,并消极对待网络空间国际治理进程;国土安全防御一改过去“虚大于实”的状况,定位得到了明显提升;信息与通信技术政策成为网络安全战略的新领域,引发了大国之间围绕供应链安全的激烈博弈。保守主义网络安全战略调整能否获得预期的战略收益还很难说,但一系列负面效应已经开始显现,单边主义让美国陷入了双重网络安全困境,进攻性网络行动增加了大国冲突风险。对外交和网络空间国际治理地位的弱化则加剧了国际秩序失范。作者旨在从特朗普政府保守主义网络安全战略调整入手,通过分析其背后的保守主义战略思想源流,并结合网络军事、外交、国土安全、信息与通信技术政策等领域的实际政策调整进行论证,对特朗普政府网络安全战略调整的影响进行评估。     

Information system and corporate income tax enforcement: Evidence from China

This paper adds the literature by investigating the effect of information system on corporate income tax (CIT) enforcement. We exploit the regional variations generated by the implementation in 2013 of the third stage of the China Tax Administration Information System (CTAIS-3) pilot. The CTAIS-3 is a nationally unified information system that significantly reduces information asymmetry between different tax authorities across regions. We find that the CTAIS-3 pilot significantly reduced firms’ conforming and non-conforming tax avoidance. The enhanced tax enforcement is particularly prominent if a firm is of a smaller size, or is administrated by the State Administration of Taxation, or is a non-state-owned enterprises, or locates in cities with a higher level of local fiscal pressure. Furthermore, we show that the CTAIS-3 improved the CIT enforcement by deterring firms from underreporting accounts receivable, as well as over-reporting accounts payable, inventory and the number of employees. In general, it would be more difficult for firms to hide profits from tax authorities under the CTAIS-3.     

Commodity price pass-through in the US airline industry and the hidden perks of consolidation

How do changing jet fuel prices impact airline revenues? As expenses for jet fuel are one of the most relevant cost factors for airlines, their economic success largely depends on the ability to match changes on the cost side with an adaption on the revenue side. While previous studies primarily focused on the impact of fuel price changes to consumer prices, this paper empirically examines the ability of US airlines to pass-through lagged jet fuel prices to scaled operating revenues from an airline driven perspective. Our results suggest that the extent to which an exogenous increase in fuel prices can be passed on to revenues will deviate according to the competitive situation faced by an airline. Based on these findings our research should also be of interest for European policy makers who are discussing actions to exogenously increase jet fuel prices due to environmental reasons.     

建筑业“营改增”工程计价方式应用策略研究

“营改增”后企业仍处于适应阶段,再加上房地产业涉及的上下游行业众多、税种复杂,一些企业出现税负不降反增的现象,这主要是由于技术人员在应用增值税过程中,受传统行业经营模式的影响没有合理获取前端增值税进项发票或者不能合理应用不同计价方式规避税负增加。文章主要从“营改增”后工程计价方式的选择角度,结合具体项目案例分析不同计价方式对增值税税负变化的影响,并通过案例分析应如何采取对应的合同模式和计价策略,进而提出要在综合分析项目执行的具体情况下确定有利于合同主体的计价模式,为企业开展市场经营提供参考方案。     

Persistent income gaps in an occupational choice model with multi‐goods

In this study, we propose a theory to explain why income gaps persist. We model a simple overlapping‐generations economy with three consumption goods and two types of workers. We find that high‐skilled workers have comparative advantage in skill‐intensive jobs and low‐skilled workers in less skill‐intensive jobs. This pattern of comparative advantage determines occupational choices by workers. Combined with human capital accumulation, the occupational choices widen income gaps between families. At the same time, the relative price of skill‐intensive goods declines owing to productivity improvement. The decline holds back income gaps from exploding. The implications of skill‐biased technological change are also examined.     

Are offshore firms less conservative in financial reporting? International evidence

Using a large sample of multinational firms operating in offshore financial centers (offshore firms) from 1998 to 2014, this study investigates the financial reporting implications of economic activities involving offshore financial centers (OFCs). We find that offshore firms have a greater tendency to report less conservatively than non‐offshore firms. Moreover, we find that financial reporting is less conservative for firms operating in OFCs with more pronounced OFC attributes than for those with less pronounced OFC attributes. Finally, we also find that firms with their headquarters registered in OFCs (type I offshore firms) tend to adopt less conservative accounting practices than those with subsidiaries operating in OFCs (type II offshore firms). Our findings provide useful insights into how a multinational firm's operation in OFCs is associated with financial reporting practices.