全球气候治理政策工具的比较分析——基于国别间关系的考察角度

目前应对气候变化的国际谈判处于典型的囚徒困境状态,为更有效地开展全球气候治理,作者依据能否保障全球减排目标实现、公平性、排放的静态配置效率和促进减排技术进步的动态效率等四条标准,比较了国际社会提出的三种气候治理政策工具,即行业技术标准、全球排放税和可交易排放许可。分析表明,行业技术标准类政策工具在四个评价标准方面均不如另外两类工具;而全球排放税的政策工具在排放的静态配置效率方面较行业技术标准类有优势,在其他评价方面的优势也不突出。在可交易排放许可政策工具之下,如果把历史排放纳入全球排放许可范畴并在国别间公平划分,且将所有国家都纳入到该治理工具的适用范围内,则该工具既能有效克服国别间的碳泄漏问题,体现国别间公平性原则,又能促进排放的静态配置效率达到最优,有效促进减排技术的进步,其综合优势最为突出。在可交易排放许可框架下,实行碳关税或其他边境调节措施有违世界贸易组织的原则。     

房产税税率、房产税收入与房地产税制度设计

基于房产税税率对房产税收入影响理论,运用数理模型,依据沪渝两市自然数据,考量房产税税率变化对房产税收入的影响.结果显示:房产税税率对房产税收入具有重要影响.若提高上海市房产税税率,房产税增收效果更明显;若下调重庆市房产税税率,房产税增收效应更显著.鉴于此,未来房地产税立法改革思路:一是坚持房地产税税负不增加;二是平衡好房地产税立法与其他收费制度的关系;三是统筹税制改革的协同推进;四是兼顾房地产税的地方财政属性;五是谨慎推进.同时,应遵循税收法定原则、地方财政原则、公平原则、确实原则、渐进原则和结构性调整原则.此外,在制度设计方面,纳税人的设计要体现财产税性质,征税范围要涵盖农村,课税对象要包括存量住房,税率要体现差异性,计税依据要由市场价格评估值确定,税收优惠要兼顾免税面积和特殊人群.     

物业税改革对房地产价格的影响——基于2002~2011年中国省际面板数据的实证研究

基于供需视角,依据2002~2011年中国30个省（市、自治区）的面板数据,构建整体及东、中、西区域面板模型,分析了物业税对不同区域房价的影响。结果表明,物业税对房价具有抑制作用,且对各区域影响存在一定差异,鉴此,物业税应实行国际差异化。     

对开征教育税的探讨

开征教育税,理顺教育事业费的来源渠道,对规范教育收费体制,普及九年制义务教育,支持基础性教育工作有着十分重要的意义.本文就教育费附加及有关教育性收费改革为教育税进行了初步探讨.     

The optimal tax on antebellum US cotton exports

The US produced about 80% of the world’s cotton in the decades prior to the Civil War. How much monopoly power did the US possess in the world cotton market and what would have been the effect of an optimal export tax? This paper estimates the elasticity of foreign demand for US cotton exports and uses the elasticity in a simple partial equilibrium model to calculate the optimal export tax and its effect on prices, trade, and welfare. The results indicate that the export demand elasticity for US cotton was about −1.7 and that the optimal export tax of about 50% would have raised US welfare by about $10 million, about 0.3% of US GDP or about 1% of the South’s GDP.     

农业统一税与农村税费改革

土地革命时期和抗日战争时期，中华苏维埃政府和抗日边区政府根据当时的农业情况和实际，为了增加财政收入，先后建立和完善了农业统一税，取得了良好的效果，积累了丰富的经验，对于我国正在进行的农村税费改革有极其重要的借鉴意义。由于此次改革的根本目的是要减轻农民负担，可以借鉴先前改革经验，进一步深化农村税费改革。     

Compliance Costs of Corporate Income Taxation in Singapore

This study is the second in a series of studies investigating tax compliance costs incurred by public-listed companies. We found evidence of a size effect which is a predominant finding of similar studies. The size effect was more pronounced when absolute measures of costs were used than when a relative measure, cost/sales turnover, was used. Additional evidence was found of limited success relating to the IRAS's moves to simplify the tax system. Specifically, only large companies with sales turnover exceeding $500m benefited and considerably reduced their overall compliance costs. Most of the decrease was a result of the computational component of compliance costs. This resulted in the gap in absolute costs narrowing between Group 3 and any of the other categories of companies. There was also greater reliance on external professionals, the smaller the company. Views elicited indicate that more could be done to increase accessibility to IRAS publications for Group 1 and Group 2 companies.     

资源税费制度的国际比较及对我国的借鉴——以资源节约性经济为视角

随着我国工业化、城镇化和现代化建设的推进,资源需求将持续大幅度增加,资源供需矛盾日益突出,建立一种资源节约型的经济增长方式已经迫在眉睫,而资源税费改革已经成为建立资源节约型经济的重要环节,这对于提高资源利用效率,加强环境保护,减少污染具有重要意义。本文通过对国外、国内现行资源税费制度的比较,分析了资源节约型经济与现行资源税费的矛盾之处,并提出了相应的改进措施。     

Economic Growth and (Re-)Distributive Policies in a Non-cooperative World

Many models show that redistribution is bad for growth. This paper argues that in a non-cooperative world optimizing, redistributing (“left-wing”) governments mimic non-redistributing (“right-wing”) policies for fear of capital loss if capital markets become highly integrated and the countries are technologically similar. “Left-right” competition leads to more redistribution and lower GDP growth than “left-left” competition. Efficiency differences allow for higher GDP growth and more redistribution than one's opponent. Irrespective of efficiency differences, however, “left-wing” governments have higher GDP growth when competing with other “left-wing” governments. The results may explain why one observes a positive correlation between redistribution and growth across countries, and why capital inflows and current account deficits may be good for relatively high growth.     

从东北地区增值税转型效果谈我国的增值税改革

文中通过总结东北地区实行增值税改革所取得的效果,分析增值税在不同历史经济发展阶段所起的作用。从我国现行经济状况及国际增值税发展趋势分析出现行增值税的不足,强调现阶段增值税改革在我国的必要性。从而得出现阶段我国实行增值税转型、改革是十分必要的。