Evolving regulations and emerging market challenges – the Indian context

The global financial crisis of 2007–2008 has led to important regulatory changes being initiated by a number of countries to segregate commercial banking from investment banking activities. The changes also encompass reforms in the OTC derivatives market segment, which is considered to be one of the root causes of the crisis. This article highlights the important regulatory change initiatives that are being undertaken to enhance the safety of the financial markets, their likely impact on the market participants and challenges to be faced in their implementation, especially in the Indian context. The article also analyses the changes taking place in the Indian forex derivatives market and touches upon the prospects of greater internationalization of the rupee against the backdrop of proactive steps taken by the Chinese authorities to internationalize renminbi in the post-crisis period.     

平均税率、标准税率与收入分布对个人所得税累进性的影响

运用中间累进性指标将个人所得税累进性的变化分解为标准税率的影响及收入分布的影响,对再分配效应变化也做了类似的分解,实证分析了我国2005~2011年个人所得税累进性及再分配效应的变化。结果显示,收入分布改变对于累进性的变化发挥主导作用,平均税率对于再分配效应的变化非常关键。因此,个人所得税的改革首先需要在分析居民收入分布的基础上进行,另外在累进性提高的同时也需十分关注税收规模的变化。     

人民币汇率与外汇储备相关性的学术演进与当下对策

随着人民币汇率上下波动难测及中国外汇储备不断累积,国内关于此领域的研究也日益丰富。人民币汇率波动的特征、我国外汇储备的规模和资产结构是否合理、人民币汇率与外汇储备之间存在怎样的关系,国内学者对这些问题做了大量的研究,当然结论也不尽相同。本文对国内相关文献进行了梳理和逻辑推演,以引起更多的学术关注,为相关部门提供决策依据。     

内蒙古经济发展与工业污染关系的动态分析

本文结合内蒙古区情,对内蒙古经济发展和环境污染关系进行动态分析。首先,根据研究目的进行指标的选取。其次,构造经济发展综合指数,利用灰色预测模型对经济发展综合指数进行两期预测,进一步说明内蒙古经济发展情况。再次,运用单位根检验得出序列一阶差分后均平稳,属于同阶单整序列,满足协整检验的条件,由协整检验得出工业三废增速和经济增长率存在长期协整关系,通过用差分后的数据建立VAR模型进行脉冲响应分析和方差分解分析,得出经济发展和工业环境污染的双向作用机制：经济增长率与工业三废排放量增速互相有不同程度的正向冲击,工业三废之间作为有机整体互相影响从而加速工业环境的恶化。最后结合分析结果提出走新型工业化道路的对策。     

Trade Openness and Exchange Rate Regimes

The paper evaluates the net welfare gains of inflation targeting over a fixed exchange rate as a function of a country's trade openness, using a multisectoral structural model calibrated to Chile. For most calibrations with separable preferences, net welfare gains are increasing in trade openness. The reason is that in more open economies terms of trade shocks, which favor inflation targeting, become quantitatively more important, while price markup shocks in the imperfectly competitive nontradables sector, which favor exchange rate targeting, become less important. The most important exception is heavily indebted countries, where net welfare gains are decreasing in trade openness.     

A New Method to Measure the Performance of Leveraged Exchange‐Traded Funds

We examine the effects of daily return compounding, financing costs, and management factors on the performance of leveraged exchange‐traded funds (LETFs) over various holding periods. We propose a new method to measure LETFs’ tracking errors that allows us to disentangle these effects. Our results show that the compounding effect generally has more influence on tracking errors than other factors, especially for long holding periods and in a “sideways” market. The explicit costs (i.e., the expense ratios) and other factors (e.g., financing costs) can materially affect the performance of LETFs, especially for those with high leverage ratios and bear funds.     

Contracts for dummies? The performance of investors in contracts for difference

Investors widely use contracts for difference (CFDs) to leverage and short sell underlying financial assets. We investigate the after cost performance of investors in Australian Securities Exchange listed share CFDs, and find that market order CFD trades earn small positive returns at the daily horizon, with negative returns reported for one month to one year horizons due to financing costs. Market orders also net sell positions, which suggests that investors use CFDs for shorting opportunities. Overall, we find that liquidity demanders in CFDs obtain favourable execution, which is inconsistent with the view that CFDs are used by naive individuals.     

2014年2月国际金融市场运行综述

2014年2月,美元指数振荡走低;主要货币短期利率基本持平;主要国家中长期国债收益率先升后降;主要股指大幅上涨。     

2014年1季度国际金融市场运行综述

2014年1季度,美元指数小幅下跌;美元、英镑、日元短期利率下降,欧元短期利率上升;主要国家中长期国债收益率下降;主要股指出现分化。     

2014年5月境外人民币离岸市场综述

2014年5月,境外人民币市场保持发展势头,主要特点是：境外人民币资金池继续扩大;Hibor人民币隔夜拆息趋升,境内外利差有所缩减;境外人民币债券发行433．24亿元,较上月大幅增加;香港美元兑人民币可交割即期汇价持续震荡,境内外美元兑人民币远期汇价均明显上行,境内与香港可交割人民币远期汇价差异略有上升;香港交易所人民币期货交投活跃度持平,CME人民币期货日均交易额有所回落。