印度对华贸易保护新趋势及原因分析

中国和印度作为两个发展中大国,在国际政治经济舞台上发挥了重要作用。近年来,中印双边贸易增长迅速,中国成为印度的第一大贸易伙伴,但随之而来的却是印度对华贸易保护呈现愈演愈烈之势。在WTO成员国中,印度是金融危机以来对我国发起贸易救济案件最多的国家。分析中印双边贸易概况以及印度对华贸易保护的新趋势,从国际收支理论、保护就业论、产业结构竞争性、国际生命周期理论四个角度深入阐述印度对华贸易保护的诱因并有针对性改进,以改善中印贸易关系。     

Resisting Protectionism after the Crisis: Strategic Economic Discourse and the EU–Korea Free Trade Agreement

In 2006 the European Commission announced its Global Europe strategy, which proposed pursuing a series of ambitious Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) premised on exchanging the EU's remaining ‘pockets of protection’ for market access. The first of these agreements was signed with South Korea in October 2010. This article asks how the Commission's Directorate-General (DG) for Trade could successfully conclude this agreement in the aftermath of the Financial Crisis. Given a strong mobilisation of protectionists with access to policy-makers, this liberal policy outcome cannot be explained purely in terms of institutional insulation, as in much of the literature on EU trade policy, nor be simply ‘read off’ from the material interests of societal actors. This article, therefore, develops a constructivist framework which broadens our understanding of the power of strategically invoked economic discourses. By developing a novel analytical strategy to determine the intentional invocation of such discourses, it is able to show how DG Trade constructed an ideational imperative for liberalisation in Global Europe, enabling it to overcome opposition to the EU–Korea FTA. Beyond its contribution to constructivist scholarship, this article draws attention to the neglected dimension of ideas in trade policy and highlights the continued purchase of neoliberalism after the crisis.     

Keynote Speech: Opportunities and Challenges for Mexico Today

Since its pre-colonial history, Mexico has demonstrated two contrary tendencies: the outward-looking, global trader and the protective, nationalist instinct. Today, the seven major constitutional reforms of the PRI government reflect the former. However, the teacher’s union, some presidential advisors, and the criminal justice system reflect a preference for the latter. The more progressive sectors of Mexican society assert the need to participate in the global economy, but latent protective and nationalist tendencies throw up challenges. This article examines several contemporary examples of each tendency and demonstrates how they coexist uneasily in modern Mexico.     

地方保护主义的分析与思考

地方政府为了实现地方利益最大化,倾向于采取地方保护主义的政策。地方保护主义在表面上看可以维护本地利益,但从长远看,它不利于区域经济和整体经济的发展,也不利于本地的可持续发展。地方保护主义并不是一个简单现象,有着长远的历史,从其形成原因和危害方面寻找克服的办法来逐渐地削弱其存在的基础,并有效地遏制它的危害。     

Trade Protection in Five EU Member Candidate Countries by Exchange Rate Adjustment,Customs Tariffs,and Nontariff Measures

Five central European candidate member countries for EU accession (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia = CE-5) entered into the transition period with undervalued exchange rates to stimulate exports and protect domestic industries. However, this policy was not maintained. During 1993–1995, real currency appreciation increased competitive pressure by foreign firms. To protect domestic firms, governments applied high third-country tariffs, temporary import taxes, and numerous administrative barriers to trade. As countervailing pressure by the EU and the U.S. increased and current account deficits soared in 1996 and 1997, the five countries more and more brought exchange rate policies in line with the changes in purchasing power parity.There seems to be a positive correlation between large current account deficits and the more intense use of nontariff protectionist measures. Using exchange rate measures, Slovenia keeps the current account rather balanced. It employs many less nontariff protectionist measures than the other four countries, which show strong tendencies towards real exchange rate appreciation.     

不同经济制度条件下的区域差异

在以私有制为基础的市场经济制度下,生产要素按回报最大化原则在区域间转移,结果导致区域差异的变化呈威廉逊所论的倒"U"型趋势。建立在公有制基础上的计划经济制度虽有一定的使区域差异趋同的机制,但效率损失较大,就中国经验而论,没能有效地导致区域差异缩小。在以公有制基础的市场经济制度条件下,由于地方国有的制度安排往往出现市场分割、生产要素难以按回报最大化原则在区域间转移,导致区域差异难以有效缩小。国有经济退出竞争性领域和建立统一市场是缩小区域差异的关键。     

小城镇发展中节约用地问题的研究

小城镇发展与耕地保护是一对不易克服的矛盾。兼顾两者的途径就是走一条土地节约型小城镇发展之路。本文以此为主题．分析了我国小城镇发展中的土地问题，指出地方保护主义、制度、技术等因素是阻碍节地型小城镇发展的主要原因和难点所在。在此基础上，进一步提出了解决上述矛盾的对策和建议。     

ISO9000是一种新形式的保护主义吗？——基于中国出口贸易的实证研究

利用修正后的引力模型，对ISO9000系列标准对于我国出口贸易的影响进行了实证研究。研究结果表明：在控制了ISO9000的内生性后，贸易伙伴国的ISO9000认证水平对于我国出口具有显著消极的影响，其出口弹性为-0．19；我国与贸易伙伴国的ISO9000认证水平的相互作用对我国出口具有积极的“共同语言”效应，其出口弹性值为O．02；我国ISO9000认证水平对于出口的影响不显著。综合上述影响，认为ISO9000系列标准这种理论上的非贸易壁垒对于我国的出口起到实际的贸易壁垒的作用。     

CONTAINING SINO-EUROPEAN PROTECTIONISM

The trade politics of EU–China commercial relations have sharply deteriorated in the last year. Obsessed by the EU's trade deficit with China, European leaders have become shrill and confrontational in their approach. China has contained its irritation over the EU's China-bashing, but has slowed down its trade liberalisations. The EU and China must find a new way to contain protectionist threats in their trade and investment relations.     

Financial Crisis, “New” Industrial Policy,and the Bite of Multilateral Trade Rules

The recent Great Recession has triggered substantial government intervention – not all of it macroeconomic. This article presents evidence that the sectoral incidence and forms of government intervention appear to have changed from pre-crisis regularities. Once the commercial significance of a sector is taken into account, pre-crisis measures of trade policy intervention poorly predict the crisis-era sectoral incidence of discriminatory state measures imposed by Asian governments. Qualitative evidence focusing on three key countries in Asia – China, Japan, and South Korea – is also marshaled to sustain the contention that Asian governments have used the recent economic crisis to reinvigorate industrial policies, targeting apparent growth poles and apparently environmentally friendly technologies and sectors. Implications for the expansion of World Trade Organization rules and their effectiveness are discussed.