Tourism and social change reply to Romsa

While most state socialist societies attempt to attract large scale foreign tourism, the Albanians continue to constrain the numbers and movements of foreign tourists permitted onto their soil. Within the framework of three “contexts”—the organizational, the environmental, and the perceptual—this paper briefly looks at the individuality of the Albanian approach to foreign tourism: implicitly, as a possible model for other small, less developed societies. Finally, questions are raised as to the future of tourism in Albania given an imminent change —after forty years—in the country's dogmatic leadership.     

粮食游离氨基酸含量测定方法精密度及回收率分析

根据粮食中游离氨基酸的氨基与水合茚三酮反应生成蓝紫色化合物,采用比色法测定粮食中游离氨基酸含量。采用二因素随机区组试验设计和生物统计软件SSPSS11．5的单因素方差分析表明,本方法测定的粮食种类间游离氨基酸含量次序为大豆〉小麦=玉米〉糙米〉大米,其中大米游离氨基酸含量最低。该方法非常灵敏,加入标准亮氨酸2mg的回收率对谷物大于58．8％,对大豆大于20．2％,精密度小于20％。     

Healthcare and economic burden of adverse events among patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia treated with BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Objectives: BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are established treatments for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML); however, they are associated with infrequent, but clinically serious adverse events (AEs). The objective of this analysis was to assess healthcare resource utilization and costs associated with AEs, previously identified using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) in another study, among TKI-treated patients.

Methods: Adult patients with ≥1 inpatient or ≥2 outpatient ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes for CML and ≥1 claim for a TKI treatment between January 1, 2006 and September 30, 2012 were identified from the Commercial and Medicare MarketScan databases. The first claim for a TKI was designated as the index event. Patients were required to have no TKI treatment during a 12-month baseline period. Healthcare resource utilization and costs associated with select AEs having the strongest association with TKI treatment (femoral arterial stenosis [FAS], peripheral arterial occlusive disease [PAOD], intermittent claudication, coronary artery stenosis [CAS], pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, malignant pleural effusion, conjunctival hemorrhage) were evaluated during a 12-month follow-up period.

Results: The study sample included 2,005 CML patients receiving TKI therapy (mean age?=?56 years; 56% male). Among all evaluated AEs, the highest mean inpatient healthcare costs were observed for FAS ($16,800 per patient) and PAOD ($14,263 per patient), which had total mean medical costs (inpatient?+?outpatient) of $17,015 and $15,154 per patient, respectively. Mean outpatient healthcare costs were highest for CAS ($1,861 per patient), followed by intermittent claudication ($947 per patient), PAOD ($891 per patient), and pleural effusion ($890 per patient). Total mean medical costs for fluid retention-related AEs, including pericardial effusion and pleural effusion, were $2,797 and $1,908 per patient, respectively.

Conclusions: The healthcare costs of AEs identified in the FAERS as having the strongest association with TKI treatment are substantial. Vascular stenosis-related AEs, including FAS and PAOD, have the highest cost burden.     

Earthquake effects on tourism in central Italy

This paper proposes an approach to economic assessment of the impact on tourist flows of the earthquake that hit the Umbria region in Central Italy on September 26, 1997. Local arrivals in Assisi fell drastically the month following the main shock, compared to the same month of the previous year. The event study methodology, frequently applied in finance, is employed to evaluate the statistical relevance of the shock over time and space. A further and straightforward application of the event study analysis assesses the substantial amount of loss between October 1997 and June 1998 due to the drop of tourism business.     

AX与面粉品之间的关系

本采用不同品种的小麦为原料,首先通过测定小麦籽粒和面粉的品质特性及其阿拉伯木聚糖(AX)含量,对AX含量与小麦粉品质间的关系进行探讨。主要研究结果如下:(1)对小麦品质指标的测定,结果显示不同品种的小麦籽粒间存在较大的差异。面粉中AX含量与蛋白(r=0.27)、麸星含量(r=-0.16)存在存在一定的正相关,而AX含量与白度和降落数值存在微弱的负相关,面粉中AX中含量与面粉的吸水率、面团的形成时间、面团的稳定时间和弱化度呈弱相关性,相关系数分别是r=-0.34、r=0.27和r=-0.09;(2)不同的面粉中AX含量与峰值粘度呈显著负相关,与最低粘度、最终粘度呈弱负相关,当面粉中AX含量增加时,峰值粘度、最低粘度、最终粘度都会降低;峰值粘度与最低粘度、最终粘度呈显著正相关。     

Economic modeling to evaluate the impact of chronic myeloid leukemia therapy management on the oncology care model in the US

Abstract

Objective: To develop an economic model to evaluate changes in healthcare costs driven by restricting usage of branded tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) through substitution with generic imatinib among chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients in a typical Oncology Care Model (OCM) practice, and examine the impact on Performance-Based Payment (PBP) eligibility.

Methods: An Excel-based economic model of an OCM practice with 1,000 cancer patients during a 6-month episode of care was developed. Cancer types and proportions of patients treated in the practice were estimated from an OCM report. All-cause healthcare costs were obtained from published literature. It was assumed that if a practice restricts usage of branded TKIs for newly-diagnosed CML patients, 80% of the market share of branded imatinib and 50% of the market shares of 2^nd-gen TKIs would shift to generic imatinib. Among established TKI-treated patients, it was assumed that 80% of the market share of branded imatinib and no patients treated with 2^nd-gen TKIs would shift to the generic.

Results: Four CML patients were estimated for a 1,000-cancer patient OCM practice with a total baseline healthcare cost of $51,345,812 during a 6-month episode. If the practice restricts usage of branded TKIs, the shift from 2^nd-gen TKIs to generic imatinib would reduce costs by $12,970, while shifting from branded to generic imatinib lowers costs by $25,250 during a 6-month episode. Minimum reductions of $3,013,832 in a one-sided risk model and $2,372,010 in a two-sided risk model are required for PBP eligibility; the shift from 2^nd-gen TKIs to generic imatinib would account for 0.4% and 0.5% of the savings required for a PBP, respectively.

Conclusions: This analysis indicates that the potential cost reduction associated with restricting branded TKI usage among CML patients in an OCM setting will represent only a small proportion of the cost reduction needed for PBP eligibility.     

KDN型定氮仪测定粮食中粗蛋白质含量的相关问题探讨

目前测定蛋白质的方法和仪器很多,为了提高蛋白质含量检测结果的准确性和检测效率,依据GB/T 5511-2008《谷物和豆类氮含量测定和粗蛋白质含量计算凯氏法》要求,常用定氮仪来测定粮食中粗蛋白质含量。对此方法中化学试剂硫酸的选择及实际操作进行了探讨。     

运动个体如何科学摄入蛋白质

蛋白质是组成人体结构成分和酶等特殊的功能性物质,并在生命过程中发挥着关键性作用。它是人体的主要成份之一,也是人体内部进行各种代谢活动的物质基础。蛋白质在机体内的存在形式和作用是多样化的,与运动个体的肌肉力量和肌肉蛋白合成紧密相关。在运动过程中,骨骼肌收缩活动会影响蛋白质和氨基酸代谢,这种运动的影响还延续到运动后。     

大豆蛋白非食品应用研究

大豆蛋白是大豆的主要农产品之一,主要在材料粘合剂、生物降解膜和塑料材料、纤维材料和生物医用材料等几个领域研究较多。随着目前全球性环境问题和石油资源的日益紧张,天然高分子材料的开发成为21世纪科学工作者研究的热点课题。文章就大豆蛋白在非食品方面的应用展开叙述,总结了大豆蛋白在胶粘剂、大豆蛋白膜、大豆蛋白塑料、大豆蛋白纤维和生物医用材料方面的应用。     

动物对温度适应的分子生物学研究进展

动物对环境温度的适应,会使自身的细胞内转录和表达模式发成变化,以适合环境的变化,此时它会出现新的基因开放和新蛋白因子的合成,这总的来说是动物对自身的一种保护方式。本文从基因水平、蛋白质水平、细胞膜水平等三个方面综述了动物对环境温度适应的研究概况,并讨论了动物对环境温度适应的分子生物学机制以及在进化中的意义。