Do investors in Green Bond market pay a premium? Global evidence

We examine the pricing difference of Green Bonds (GB) and conventional bonds (CBs) in capital markets worldwide. Credit spread is used to observe whether investors would like to pay a premium for GBs over CBs. This study uses panel data regression with hybrid model to analyse daily observations over the period 2016 to 2017. We employ Option-Adjusted spread (OAS) to measure the credit spreads of bonds while controlling for bond specific, macroeconomic and global factors that influence the spread. With the hybrid model used in the panel data analysis, we were able to capture the fixed-effects of variables in a random effect model. We find that GBs are traded at a premium of 63 basis points (BPS), compared with a comparable corporate bond issue. We find that the green label provides issuers an incentive to raise funds through issuing GBs while providing investors an opportunity to diversify their investments returns. Our findings provide several implications to the major stakeholders driving the GB market to scale up the market to finance the required level of global green investment needs. We stress an urgent need to support the growth of the GB market to achieve sustainable development through mitigating climate change challenges.

Abbreviation GB: Green Bond; CB: Conventional Bond; YS: Yield Spread; BPS: Basis Points; OAS: Option-Adjusted Spread; PCSE: Panels Corrected Standard Errors; CPI: Consumer Price Index; GBPs: Green Bond Principles; CBS: Climate Bond Standard     

建党前毛泽东推动马克思主义在湖南传播及其特点初探

建党前毛泽东推动马克思主义在湖南传播的努力有：创办《湘江评论》和文化书社;成立俄罗斯、马克思研究会;批判改良主义和无政府主义等,并形成了鲜明的特点。     

住房抵押贷款支持证券的利率风险度量——基于"建元2005-1 MBS"A证券的实证

住房抵押贷款支持证券中隐含期权的存在导致未来现金流不确定,久期和凸度等利率风险管理工具不再适用。本文基于OAS理念建立了住房抵押贷款支持证券的利率风险度量过程:采用多项式样条函数法构建零息票收益率曲线,采用Vasicek模型描述动态利率期限结构,通过蒙特卡罗方法模拟利率路径并确定未来现金流,采用ARMA模型描述和预测提前偿付率,进而计算出OAS、有效久期和有效凸度的值。最后以建元2005-1MBSA证券为对象进行了实证研究。     

企业社会责任披露质量对投资者交易行为的影响研究——基于对我国上市公司的经验分析

笔者从投资者交易行为视角,以2010年年报披露期内发布社会责任报告的384家上市公司为样本,检验了企业社会责任披露质量对买卖价差、换手率以及股票收益波动率的影响后发现:企业社会责任披露质量越高,买卖价差越低,而且投资者比较重视社会责任披露的整体性和内容性质量;企业社会责任信息披露质量、整体性质量、内容性质量以及技术性质量均与股票换手率呈显著正相关.     

The economics of markets and platforms

Advances in the study of both markets and platforms contribute to economics. Platforms are typically digital markets, although platforms can designate markets generally. So, the economics of markets and the economics of platforms are one and the same. Platforms show the critical role of intermediaries in endogenous price adjustment and market clearing. The platform model remedies problems with general equilibrium analysis by combining and extending the basic Walrasian and Marshalian market models. The analysis of platforms provides explanations for the bid–ask spread, including market power, search costs, matching costs, adverse selection, and moral hazard. The study of platforms demonstrates the importance of participation and coordination in the formation of markets. The discussion emphasizes that platforms have significant implications for the theory of the firm. The analysis further considers how platforms affect innovation and entrepreneurship.     

非制导火箭弹射击散布的研究进展

本文从发射装置设计技术、推进系统设计技术、侧向脉冲修正技术和弹道仿真修正技术对非制导火箭弹的射击散布研究进行了分析,并得出了减小火箭弹散布的方法,继而论述了非制导火箭弹的发展趋势。     

动态助词“过”的语法化历程

动态助词"过"一般分为"过1"和其中"过2","过1"表示动作的完结,"过2"表示曾然。其语法化历程为:一般动词"过"→趋向动词"过"→动态助词"过1"→动态助词"过2"。动态助词"过1"和"过2"的演变又可分别区分为两个阶段,即演变发生和演变扩散。就形成机制而言,"过1"的产生主要是受隐喻、类推以及重新分析的作用,趋向动词"过"的形成是"过1"产生的关键;而"过2"是"过1"吸收了助词"来"及其经常出现的句法环境的语法意义而产生的,可以说是"过1"在特殊语境下的产物。     

Marketmaking in the Laboratory: Does Competition Matter?

This paper is the first experimental study of the effects of competition and adverse selection on the performance of market maker (MM-) markets. Information distribution may is either symmetric or heterogeneous. MM-markets are either monopolistic (the specialist markets), or competitive (the multi MM-market). Welfare comparisons are with respect to a continuous double auction (DA-) market. Informed subjects receive an imperfect signal of the true state of the world. We find three main results. First, competition among market makers significantly reduces the bid-ask spread, and increases transaction volume. Second, competition among market makers induces competitive undercutting, yielding net trading losses for market makers as a group in most periods. Third, from the perspective of uninformed traders, a competing MM-regime is optimal, since it minimizes their expected trading losses.     

High-frequency credit spread information and macroeconomic forecast revision

We examine whether professional forecasters incorporate high-frequency information about credit conditions when revising their economic forecasts. Using a mixed data sampling regression approach, we find that daily credit spreads have significant predictive ability for monthly forecast revisions of output growth, at both the aggregate and individual forecast levels. The relationships are shown to be notably strong during ‘bad’ economic conditions, which suggests that forecasters anticipate more pronounced effects of credit tightening during economic downturns, indicating an amplification effect of financial developments on macroeconomic aggregates. The forecasts do not incorporate all financial information received in equal measures, implying the presence of information rigidities in the incorporation of credit spread information.     

Does transparency of central banks communication affect credit market? Empirical evidence for advanced and emerging markets

This study examines the effect of the transparency of central banks communication on credit market. In particular, this study investigates how central banks’ effort to provide more detailed information about their objectives regarding the price stability (monetary policy transparency) and financial stability (financial stability transparency) policies are able to mitigate information asymmetry on credit market, through the net interest margin charged by the banks to engage in financial intermediation (credit spread). The findings denote central bank transparency is able to reduce the credit spread. Additionally, the evidence suggests the effect of central bank transparency on the credit spread is greater in emerging markets, where there is less information available on credit market. In brief, transparency in central banks communication is an important tool to mitigate the information asymmetry in the credit market.