Has Labor Income Become More Volatile? Evidence from International Industry‐Level Data

Changes in labor market institutions and the increasing integration of the world economy may affect the volatility of capital and labor incomes. This article documents and analyzes changes in income volatility using data for 11 industrialized countries, 22 industries and 35 years (1970–2004). The article has four main findings. First, the unconditional volatility of labor income has declined in parallel to the decline in macroeconomic volatility. Second, the industry‐specific, idiosyncratic component of labor income volatility has hardly changed. Third, cross‐sectional heterogeneity is substantial. If anything, the labor incomes of high‐ and low‐skilled workers have become more volatile relative to the volatility of capital incomes. Fourth, the volatility of labor income relative to the volatility of capital income declines in the labor share. Trade openness has no clear‐cut impact.     

Land Allocation between Food and Energy

Many countries are promoting biofuels as a substitute for scarce oil. This paper develops a dynamic model of land allocation between food and energy and shows how the model can be calibrated using standard optimization techniques. Some possible implications of the trade-offs between food and energy are discussed. Specifically, we show that the effect of mandates is mainly felt through increased land conversion, which increases indirect carbon emissions Crude oil prices do not decrease significantly because of leakages.     

Wage and Mobility Effects of Trade and Migration on the Austrian Labour Market

This study analyses the effect of trade and migration on wages and labour marketmobility. We estimate wage growth equations and a multinomial logit mobilityequation on an individual data set ranging from 1991 to 1994. We find substantialdifferences in the reactions of white and blue-collar workers wages and mobilityto trade and migration. In Austria exports have a positive and imports a negativeimpact on wage growth only for blue-collar workers. Migrants also reduce onlyblue-collar workers wage growth. Our results indicate that higher imports and aninflow of migrants reduce sectoral mobility of all types workers. The risk of beingout of work by contrast is increased by migration and imports only for blue-collarworkers, but reduced by exports for all types of workers. In general our results suggestenlargement of the EU would have only small effects on the Austrian labour market.     

Competing Industrial Standards and the Impact of Trade Liberalization

The main purpose of this study is to illustrate, with simple trade theory, the relationship between competing industrial standards and trade liberalization. We assume that there are two competing industrial standards in an international context, each of which applies to a group of differentiated products. A product can be used only in combination with other products based on the same industrial standard. We examine the impact of trade liberalization (i.e., a decline in trade costs) on consumers’ choice of a standard. It will be shown that the degree of indirect network effects, captured with substitution between differentiated products, plays an important role as a determinant of the impact of trade liberalization.     

关于手写汉字的切分算法的探讨

汉字识别是模式识别的一个重要分支。识别过程包括光电扫描,模数转换,预处理,模式表达,判别。其中预处理阶段的字切分是整个识别过程的一个重要组成部分,也是难点之一,使如污点的处理,粘连问题,字误切后的重新合并问题等,都给我们的准确切分带来许多麻烦。本文以确定的竖写字贴为处理对象,对手写汉字的字切分做了比较细致的工作,特别就以上提高的问题都是提出了比较实际的解决算法,整体上取得了良好的切分效果。     

广东省对外贸易与经济增长关系的实证研究

以广东省1987～2008年的相关数据,综合运用平稳性检验、协整检验、VAR模型和Granger因果关系检验等计量方法,对广东省对外贸易与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证分析。根据分析得出广东省对外贸易与经济增长之间的定量关系,以期能为政策制定者提供一定的参考依据。     

基于关系营销的零售业营业员服务问题探讨

探讨了零售业营业员服务方面存在问题,从关系营销角度提出零售企业应重塑营业员服务水平,并提出了具体建议。     

影响我国服务贸易出口的可量化因素分析

文章简要回顾了中国服务贸易出口现状,并对影响服务贸易出口的可量化因素进行了分析。根据1990—2004年中国服务贸易出口及其可量化因素的时间序列数据做出的多元线性回归模型,印证了人均国内生产总值、世界GDP增长率、服务业占GDP的比重、货物贸易出口额等因素对我国服务贸易出口的影响,文章最后还就增加我国服务贸易的出口提出了几点建议。     

国际贸易隐含碳排放的研究进展：文献述评

从国际贸易隐含污染排放转移的视角分析了贸易与环境问题的研究趋势,概述了贸易隐含碳排放的一般核算方法,总结了国际上研究贸易隐含碳排放的现状与进展。发展中国家由于技术水平和能源综合效率较低,与发达国家之间存在较高的贸易隐含碳排放净出口;对碳排放责任分担机制进行了梳理,传统的基于领土责任的碳排放核算不仅对发展中国家不利,还会...     

欧美行业协会应对国际贸易争端机制及其启示

在WTO体制下,行业协会在反倾销等国际贸易争端中发挥着十分重要的作用。由于种种原因,我国行业协会在国际贸易争端中未能充分发挥其应有作用。为此,研究、借鉴发达国家行业协会处理国际贸易争端等方面的经验,对我国行业协会在国际贸易争端中的发挥作用具有现实意义。如行业自律及价格协调、建立反倾销预警系统、代表行业作为反倾销申诉的申请人、协助企业对外应诉、提供贸易信息和贸易事务服务等。