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61.
In the classical Taguchi quality model, the symmetric quadratic loss function has been used to measure the loss of quality. However, there are a number of situations in which the symmetric quadratic loss may be inappropriate. In this paper, we proposed an asymmetric loss function, called linear exponential (LINEX) loss function, to determine optimum process parameters for the product quality. When the coefficient of LINEX loss function is small, it will be close to the quadratic loss. Moreover, the trade-off problem between quality and cost will be discussed.  相似文献   
62.
    
Abstract

Aims: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment typically involves remission induction chemotherapy followed by consolidation chemotherapy. New treatments for AML have recently been introduced, including a chemotherapy formulation called CPX-351, which is administered via less time-intensive IV infusion than the standard “7?+?3” continuous infusion regimen of cytarabine plus an anthracycline. The purpose of this study was to estimate utilities that could be used in economic modeling of AML treatment.

Materials and methods: In time trade-off interviews, participants from the UK general population valued 12 health states drafted based on literature and clinician interviews. To identify disutility associated with chemotherapy, two types of induction and four types of consolidation were added to an otherwise identical health state describing AML. The decrease in utility when adding these chemotherapy regimens represents the disutility of each regimen. Five additional health states were valued to estimate utilities associated with other AML treatments.

Results: Two hundred participants completed interviews. Mean (SD) utilities were 0.55 (0.31) for pre-treatment AML and 0.66 (0.29) for AML in temporary remission. Adding any chemotherapy significantly decreased utility (p?<?0.0001). Induction had a mean disutility of –0.11 with CPX-351 and –0.15 with 7?+?3. Mean disutility for consolidation ranged from –0.03 with outpatient CPX-351 to –0.11 with inpatient 5?+?2. Utilities are also reported for other AML treatments (e.g. transplant, low-intensity chemotherapy).

Limitations: One limitation is that the differences in adverse event profiles between the treatment regimens were based on clinician opinion. Future use of CPX-351 in clinical trials or clinical settings will provide additional information on its adverse event profile.

Conclusions: While all chemotherapy regimens were associated with disutility, regimens with shorter hospitalization and less time-intensive infusion were generally perceived as preferable. These utilities may be useful in cost-utility models comparing the value of AML treatments.  相似文献   
63.
首先分析了影响消费者福利的因素,然后结合威廉姆森福利权衡的推广模型分析了对消费者的福利影响,并且分析了国美并购后价格下降的原因及条件。  相似文献   
64.
One of the key institutional elements for reducing inequality is the tax and transfer system. However, economists and policymakers usually view high taxes as detrimental to economic growth. We isolate one important mechanism by which higher taxes reduce inequality and raise per capita gross domestic product (GDP) at the same time. This mechanism operates in the presence of unproductive lobbying. Higher taxes induce a reallocation from lobbying toward production. This raises overall output and reduces the consumption gap between those who benefit from lobbying and those who bear its negative effects.  相似文献   
65.
文章基于动态权衡理论,以1999-2014年上市公司为样本,运用混合所有制改革这一“自然实验”条件,研究了高管股权激励对其融资决策中防御行为的影响,分离出激励和治理双重效应。研究发现:(1)股权激励有助于抑制高管融资决策中的防御行为,但这种效应只存在于民营企业中;(2)对于国有企业,只在股权分置改革后才观察到类似效果,而股改前高管在减少债务融资的同时,提高了股权激励水平,自我激励问题明显;(3)公司股权混合度越高,其在赋予高管股权激励上越谨慎,但在国有股比例较高的公司中,混合所有制改革显著提高了股权激励水平;(4)股权混合安排显著改进了股权激励契约在抑制高管防御行为方面的效率,这种效应在非国有股比例较高的公司中更强。  相似文献   
66.
以我国2007—2016年沪深A股上市公司为样本进行实证检验,研究发现,我国上市公司存在获取和保持财务柔性的动机,且通常以持有现金的方式获取财务柔性;财务柔性是企业资本结构决策考虑的关键因素之一,财务柔性有利于优化资本结构调整速度,缓解资本结构调整的偏离度。  相似文献   
67.
    
Based on the Chinese General Social Survey 2006 and 2008 data, this paper assesses the influence of the family planning policy on the qualitative development of children using education attainment and individual income of only children versus children with siblings as parameters. Our results show the following: (1) only children are better-educated than their counterparts with siblings; (2) only children earn higher income in comparison to their counterparts with siblings; (3) the income and education gaps between girls with and without siblings are greater than those between boys; (4) the education gaps between only children and children with siblings are greater for those born in the 1970s, but the income difference between only children and children with siblings is only significant for those born in the 1980s; and (5) the income and education gaps between only children and children with siblings are higher in urban regions. Results indicate that families with only one child invest more resources in children’s quality under the family planning policy, which is consistent with the “quantity–quality trade-off” theory proposed by Gary Becker.  相似文献   
68.
For half a century, no consensus has been reached on optimal capital structure after numerous intensive studies. This paper develops three alternative simple models to derive optimal capital structure. Because the optimal leverage ratio determined by the models is close to most survey data, some relevant puzzles, such as “financial conservatism”, are easily explained. In addition, the new models can be extended to accommodate various decision situations, for instance, abnormal growth, bankrupt expectancy, debt guarantee, transaction cost, and personal income tax.   相似文献   
69.
    
This study analyses the factors that might explain the level of corporate cash holdings in a broad sample of Turkish-listed nonfinancial firms over the period 1997 to 2011. The empirical results reveal that, on average, Turkish firms hold 9.1% of their total assets as cash and cash equivalents. There is a steadily increasing trend in cash holding across the years. Both the system GMM and the difference GMM regression results are consistent; almost exactly the same variables are significant and going in the same direction. The findings indicate that the previous year’s cash holding is positive and significant determinant at the current year’s cash level, suggesting that these firms have a targeted cash level. Furthermore, the results reveal that cash flow and growth opportunities have positive and significant impact on the cash level. However, the amount of capital expenditures, liquid assets used as cash substitute, the degree of tangibility of assets, financial debt ratio and leverage have negative and significant impact on the cash level. Most of these explanatory variables were in line with our theoretical background and with previous studies as well.  相似文献   
70.
目的 用统计学方法定量分析陕西省耕地多功能的时空分异格局、变化趋势及其功能相互转换关系,为耕地的多元化管护提供参考。方法 文章构建陕西省耕地多功能评价指标体系,以县域为研究单元,采用熵权法、综合指数评价法、Spearman 秩相关系数法、空间自相关分析法,综合探析陕西省耕地多功能时空分异格局和集聚特征,划定耕地功能协调/权衡分区。结果 (1)2010—2022年陕西省耕地生产功能所占比例最大,其次是社会保障功能,生态功能最低;从变化趋势来看,陕北和陕南生产功能逐年提升,陕南社会保障功能提升明显,各功能区域间差异均逐年减小,整体呈现均衡发展态势。(2)陕西省县域耕地功能区域差异明显。其中,生产功能中、高水平主要分布于关中渭河平原和陕南的低山平坝区,低、较低水平多分布于陕北黄土高原和陕南秦岭两麓;社会保障功能中、高水平区县零星分布于渭北黄土塬区、关中平原及陕北黄土高原区;生态功能中、高水平县域主要分布于陕南低山平坝区。(3)2010—2022年陕西省耕地生产功能与社会保障功能表现为协同关系;生产与生态功能,2016年以期表现为协同关系,2016年以后为权衡关系;社会保障功能与生态功能基本为权衡关系。(4)陕西省耕地功能协同区主要分布于关中平原、渭北黄土塬、陕南低山区,其次是商洛山地丘陵和陕北长城沿线风沙区;权衡区主要分布于陕南秦岭两麓、少部分分布于陕北黄土高原区和风沙区。结论 陕西省关中渭河平原区、渭北黄土塬区、陕南低山平坝区耕地多功能整体呈现向健康有序的方向发展,而陕南秦岭两麓、部分陕北黄土高原区和风沙区耕地多功能协同性差。未来需在全面分析不同区域资源状况,各功能变化趋势和协同/权衡关系的基础上,挖掘区域资源优势,因地制宜采取多元化的耕地保护和利用政策。  相似文献   
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