Beta Asymmetry in the Global Stock Markets Following the Subprime Mortgage Crisis

I set out in this study to examine the asymmetry in beta responses using the dynamic conditional correlation threshold generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (DCC-GJR-GARCH) model. The empirical results reveal that asymmetry is discernible in both volatility and betas in the global stock markets. Furthermore, when leverage is linked with the price-to-book ratio, the results indicate that the beta asymmetry is attributable to the leverage effect. The results of this study also reveal that the declines in the price-to-book ratio following the subprime mortgage crisis have led to an overall increase in betas.     

转制后的央企高新公司人才流失

本案例以一央企高新公司(以下称Z公司)在高科技产业发展过程中遇到的人才流失现象为主题,通过对企业内外部环境以及关键事件(员工离职、问卷调查、访谈交流)的描述揭示了其人力资源管理现状,为读者呈现了一个转制后的央企高新公司如何改革人力资源体系的决策情境。     

Pricing of foreign exchange risk and market segmentation: Evidence from Pakistan's equity market

This paper undertakes empirical analysis to investigate whether foreign exchange rate risk is priced, and the extent to which the Pakistani equity market is integrated into world equity markets. For the period January 1993–January 2013, we investigate unconditional pricing using the iterated generalized method of moments, employing industry and size portfolios formed from 180 firms traded on the Karachi Stock Exchange. Using the multi beta asset pricing model, we find that exchange risk is priced into the Pakistani equity market over the full sample period. Moreover, we find strong evidence that the Pakistani equity market is segmented from world markets, especially in the post 9/11 period.     

Testing the Tracking Efficiency of Commodity Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) across the Bearish and Bullish Market Regimes: Evidence from Indian Gold ETFs

Commodity exchange traded funds (ETFs) help investors gain exposure to the underlying commodity in digital form. The present article attempts to examine the performance characteristics of 12 gold ETFs in India across the bear and bull markets. ETFs’ sensitivity to their underlying asset (gold prices) is observed to be lower during the bearish market regime, and, as such, the tracking error is found to be higher during the bearish market regime. Further, volume is reported to bear a significant positive impact on the tracking ability of ETFs whereas volatility and pricing deviation are found to negatively impact the tracking ability of ETFs.     

Identification and inference in two-pass asset pricing models

We introduce a framework that robustifies two-pass Fama–MacBeth regressions, in the sense that confidence regions for the ex post price of risk can be derived reliably even with weak identification. This region can be unbounded, if risk price is hard to identify, empty, if the model lacks fit, and bounded otherwise. Our framework thus provides automatic weak-identification and lack-of-fit warnings, and informative model rejections. Empirically relevant simulations document attractive size and power properties. Empirical applications with well known models and data sets illustrate practical usefulness and the potential value of additional cross-sectional information.     

Evaluating the Performance of Investment Funds in Turkey

It is important to determine the most appropriate levels of risk and return for small investors. For that purpose, the investment funds are very important tools to create a portfolio for small investors, to deploy the potential risks in optimal proportions, and to direct investors. In this study, the performance of 83 pieces of investment funds will be evaluated which are treated in Turkey dates from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2012 with performance evaluation methods such as Sharpe, Modigliani （M2） that is based on the standard deviation, and Treynor, T2, Jensen that is based on systematic risk （beta）, and the highest and lowest performance investment funds will be presented. The aim of the study is to examine the success of the investment fund managers whether they could estimate the course of the market well or not regarding time period. The empirical results show that the investors who invest on the funds that have negative risk premium by investing in the investment funds getting under the risk cannot get more excess return than getting the return from the risk-free interest rate as treasury bills. The result implies that it could be said that the systematic and total risks of all investment funds are low and they are not sensitive to the developments in the market, and thus, regarding funds could be called as conservative funds.     

After Modigliani,Miller, and Hamada: A new way to estimate cost of capital

In this article, we discuss the impact of financial debt on shareholder value using a new approach that aims: (a) to explain the effect that leverage from debt has on a stock’s systematic risk, or what we shall call here “the systematic cost of leverage,” and (b) to account for default risk in the cost of equity, or what we shall call here “the cost of default.” Our assessment of systematic risk is based on a stochastic approach that is materially different from the one proposed by Hamada: the risk premium remunerates the investor for the probability of equity (expressed as market value) generating a return below that of the risk‐free rate. Furthermore, the approach we use to account for default risk is derived from reduced‐form models, but in this case, (a) we use real probabilities of default and not risk‐neutral probabilities, and (b) we extend the approach to stocks.     

Traditional beta, downside risk beta and market risk premiums

The article develops a downside risk asset-pricing model, which is based on Conditional-VaR (Mean-shortfall) risk measure. As in the traditional model the model leads to a monetary separation and yields a CVaR beta analogous to the traditional beta. An empirical study indicates that CVaR beta, which considers also downside risk, has greater explanatory power than the traditional beta. This is especially true in the case of a bearish market. Moreover, a combined model, which uses both betas, outperforms both the traditional and the CVaR models.The results indicate that in a bullish economy, risk premiums may be partially explained by the traditional beta. However, in a depressed economy investors are most likely more concerned about downside risk, which is poorly captured by the traditional beta. This downside risk can best be captured by CVaR beta, which is based on historical data and avoids assuming any prior distribution.     

RISK MEASURES ON ORLICZ HEARTS

Coherent, convex, and monetary risk measures were introduced in a setup where uncertain outcomes are modeled by bounded random variables. In this paper, we study such risk measures on Orlicz hearts. This includes coherent, convex, and monetary risk measures on L^p -spaces for  1 ≤ p < ∞  and covers a wide range of interesting examples. Moreover, it allows for an elegant duality theory. We prove that every coherent or convex monetary risk measure on an Orlicz heart which is real-valued on a set with non-empty algebraic interior is real-valued on the whole space and admits a robust representation as maximal penalized expectation with respect to different probability measures. We also show that penalty functions of such risk measures have to satisfy a certain growth condition and that our risk measures are Luxemburg-norm Lipschitz-continuous in the coherent case and locally Luxemburg-norm Lipschitz-continuous in the convex monetary case. In the second part of the paper we investigate cash-additive hulls of transformed Luxemburg-norms and expected transformed losses. They provide two general classes of coherent and convex monetary risk measures that include many of the currently known examples as special cases. Explicit formulas for their robust representations and the maximizing probability measures are given.     

黄河流域绿色创新发展的时空分异及收敛检验--来自内蒙古沿黄生态经济带的经验发现

绿色创新是推动黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的根本途径。基于2011-2020年内蒙古沿黄生态经济带绿色创新发展数据,采用Super-SBM模型,结合重心—标准差椭圆和Dagum基尼系数分析,揭示内蒙古沿黄生态经济带绿色创新发展的时空分异特征;利用变异系数、边际垂直β收敛模型探究绿色发展的收敛特征。研究表明:内蒙古沿黄生态经济带绿色创新发展态势向好,但稳定、可持续发展的绿色创新环境尚未形成;受资源禀赋限制,地区间绿色创新发展分化明显,蒙西地区内部差异显著;内蒙古沿黄生态经济带全区、蒙中地区的绿色创新发展存在显著的σ收敛与β收敛特征,蒙西地区收敛特征不稳定。提出内蒙古沿黄生态经济带绿色创新发展亟需加强绿色创新基础建设投入、差异化政策制定与绿色创新高水平收敛机制构建等,以推进黄河流域经济协同高质量发展进程。