Dynamics of Urban Residential Property Prices— A Case Study of the Manhattan Market

In a multivariate vector autoregression framework, this paper investigates the weak efficiency of the urban residential real estate market and the cause of weak efficiency. An error correction model is used to estimate long-term relationships among apartment prices and adjustment speed from disequilibrium to equilibrium. Based on a unique dataset of the Manhattan market, the efficiency of this market, seasonal stationarity of property prices, and the weak exogeneity of leading sub-markets are studied. Our results indicate that, in a market of less heterogeneity and higher transaction volumes, the weak efficiency hypothesis is rejected as in previous studies. This result implies that heterogeneity and lack of transaction information may not be the direct source of market inefficiency. Meanwhile, it is found that there are stable long-term relations among prices of different sub-markets. Interestingly, the price of one-bedroom co-operatives (co-op) is weakly exogenous. This implies that the starting co-op for most home buyers in urban areas is a leading indicator of the entire market, which contradicts the claim that high-end luxury co-op leads the market.     

Risk Preferences,Production Risk and Firm Heterogeneity*

A new technique is proposed for deriving the risk preference function under production risk and expected utility of profit maximization. The derivation depends on neither a specific parametric form of the utility function nor any distribution of the error term representing production risk. The proposed risk preference function is flexible enough to test different types of risk behavior and symmetry of the output distribution. Furthermore, our production risk specification allows for inputs with positive and negative marginal risk. The econometric model accommodates production risk, risk preferences and firm heterogeneity simultaneously. Norwegian salmon farming data are used as an application.     

Competition, Externalities, and Input Substituting Technologies

The period 1997–2000 saw a rapid global consolidation of crop seed companies. The emerging companies are applying genetic engineering to exploit complementarities and substitutabilities between seed and other crop inputs. This article develops a model of competing technologies where one substitutes for a conventional input. A monopolist may cross-subsidize a technology that substitutes for an input in order to price discriminate between user types. In duopoly, a socially excessive or insufficient share of acres may be subject to an input substituting technology. Welfare improving regulations are identified in the case where a technology substitutes for an externality generating input.     

社会认同理论视角下的企业创新绩效前因组态研究

创新是企业竞争优势的重要来源,也是企业可持续发展的关键动力。探究企业创新的影响因素及其作用机制对于企业创新发展具有理论价值和现实意义。基于社会认同理论,本研究建立包含团队断裂带、团队异质性、环境不确定性以及企业声誉等要素在内的企业创新影响机制模型。通过对66家电子信息企业样本进行模糊集定性比较分析,本研究探究企业内部结构与外部环境的各个要素对于企业创新的协同效应与联动关系。研究发现: 高企业创新绩效的驱动路径有三条,路径1强调在高环境不确定性、高企业声誉情境下,低高管团队学术背景异质性及低断裂带距离有利于实现高企业创新绩效;路径2强调在高环境不确定性、高企业声誉情境下,高团队学历异质性与低断裂带强度有利于实现高企业创新绩效;路径3强调在高环境不确定性、低企业声誉情境下,高团队断裂带强度与低团队断裂带距离有利于实现高企业创新绩效。研究结果拓展了社会身份理论在企业创新领域的应用,也为企业创新绩效的提升提供了新的思路。     

湖泊富营养化过程中的景观异质性变化

由于人类活动的加剧，水体富营养化造成了藻类疯长造成“水华”、水质恶化等严重后果；从景观异质性的角度上阐述了湖泊各景观要素在其水体富营养化过程中的变化，及其在维持生态平衡方面的意义；为富营养化的水体预防和治理提供了新的思路。     

基于乡村异质性的宅基地发展权配置研究

研究目的:从乡村异质性出发,探讨与不同类型乡村相适应的宅基地发展权配置策略,以期为我国乡村振兴与宅基地制度改革提供新的启发。研究方法:规范分析法、比较分析法。研究结果:基于“区位—资源—组织”三维组合将我国乡村划分为近郊优势团结型、近郊优势分散型、近郊平庸团结型、近郊平庸分散型、远郊优势团结型、远郊优势分散型、远郊平庸团结型、远郊平庸分散型8种类型,不同类型乡村分别匹配拓展型、转移型、保留型或者多类型组合的宅基地发展权配置方式。研究结论:我国乡村的区位条件、资源禀赋和村集体组织能力存在很大差异,这种异质性决定了宅基地发展权配置的复杂性和多样性,宅基地发展权配置没有普适性的“最优”模式,更好发挥宅基地发展权配置对乡村振兴的引擎作用,需要基于乡村异质性采取分类配置策略而非“一刀切”。     

大型研发企业的研发投入分析——基于全球前2000家企业研发投入数据

利用2006年全球研发投入居前2000位的企业数据,考察了这些企业研发投入的一些基本特征,如产业分布、国家分布,以及研发的集中度,并探讨了企业研发投入与企业规模之间的关系。研究结论是：研发具有产业异质性;研发在一些国家集中;企业研发的总量水平、研发比率、研发增长率与企业规模具有非线性关系．中型企业具有较高的研发投入量,而小型企业与大型企业具有较高有研发投入比,以及研发增长率。     

非劳动收入对家庭时间配置的影响——一个基于工作异质性的比较研究

本文在区分工作异质性的基础上,分析了非劳动收入对家庭时间配置的影响,认为非劳动收入的提高将减少家务时间的配置,增加市场工作刚性家庭的闲暇时间,但对市场工作非刚性家庭闲暇时间配置的影响却是不确定的。市场工作的异质性决定了一个家庭的社会和经济地位,利用CHNS2006年的数据所作的实证结果表明,非劳动收入水平的提高一致地减少了所有家庭的家务时间,同时导致在政府及国有集体企业、三资企业工作的家庭闲暇时间减少,但引起在家庭联产承包农业、私营个体企业工作的家庭闲暇时间配置的增加。     

Commercial versus open source software: the role of product heterogeneity in competition

The emergence and market success of Linux in recent years has been impressive. The paper investigates the question of why some producers of a proprietary software support the development of open source software (OSS) while others refuse any support. As an analytical framework, a simple Launhardt–Hotelling model is used to show that the emerging price pressure on the former monopolists depends on the extent of the current heterogeneity between OSS and the proprietary software of the incumbents. The paper argues that the product heterogeneity can explain the differing real-world behavior of commercial software producers.     

Unobservable heterogeneity and rational learning: Pool-specific versus generic mortgage-backed security prices

Previous mortgage prepayment and valuation models assume that two mortgage pools with the same observable characteristics should behave indistinguishably. However, even pools with apparently identical characteristics often exhibit markedly different prepayment behavior. The sources of this heterogeneity may be unobservable, but we can infer information about a pool from its prepayment behavior over time. This article develops a methodology for using this information to calculate pool-specific mortgage-backed security prices. Knowledge of these prices is important both for portfolio valuation and for determining the cheapest pool to deliver when selling mortgagebacked securities. We find that unobservable heterogeneity between mortgage pools is statistically significant, and that pool-specific prices, calculated for a sample of outwardly identical mortgage pools between 1983 and 1989, may differ greatly from any single representative price.