The rebound effect on energy efficiency improvements in China’s transportation sector: A CGE analysis

Energy use is becoming more efficient due to technological innovations. We focused on the transportation sector in China to develop a national multisector computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for analyzing the rebound effect from an improvement of 10% in the energy efficiency. We compared the size of the energy rebound effect at both the macroeconomic and sectoral levels in different transportation modal subsectors, namely rail, road, water, and air travel. The findings showed that the magnitude of the rebound effect varies across the transportation modes. This is particularly true for the air transportation sector, which has an economy-wide rebound effect of 30.1% and an own-sector rebound effect of 74.6% because of a sharp increase in the export demand for air transport services. We also quantitatively evaluated the contribution of energy efficiency improvement in the transportation sector to China’s economic growth and carbon reductions and found a positive dividend effect on the economy as well as the environment. The modeling results suggest that improving overall transportation energy efficiency by 10% generates an economy-wide welfare gain of approximately 29 billion yuan, while 19 billion yuan are attributable to a more efficient road transportation subsector. Furthermore, to offset the effects of these mode-specific rebound effects, we simulated the effectiveness of different policies and solutions. These included economic instruments in the form of energy, environmental, and carbon taxes, household transport consumption structure adjustments, and energy structure adjustments. This study revealed that combining these sustainable development policies offers opportunities for economy-wide multisectoral improvements in energy savings, emissions reduction, and economic benefits.     

基于利益相关者理论的水电工程保险研究

以收集的水利水电工程保险服务项目106项招投标数据为研究对象,基于利益相关者理论,从各主要利益相关者视角阐释了保险人、被保险人、保险经纪人的行为特点,特别对水利水电工程保险费率的测算方法和中标费率的特征进行分析,以为水利水电工程保险行业的持续健康发展提出相关政策建议。     

基于改进STIRPAT模型的城镇化水平对工业废水排放的影响——以长江经济带为例

长江经济带城镇化的发展促进了工业的进步,而工业发展的同时也伴随着工业废水排放的增加及对水环境的破坏。通过建立城镇化与工业废水排放之间的STIRPAT模型,分析长江经济带城镇化对工业废水排放的具体影响。结果表明:长江三角洲经济区及长江经济带整体城镇化水平与工业废水排放之间存在着倒N型关系,长江上游经济区和长江中游经济区的城镇化水平与工业废水排放之间存在倒U型曲线关系;经济发展水平和人口规模对工业废水排放的影响存在地区差异;长江经济带及各区域技术水平和产业结构对工业废水排放存在显著的正向影响。据此,在推动新型城镇化建设中,应采取政策扶持、转变经济发展方式、提高公众环保意识、调整产业结构及加速技术创新等措施,以期减少工业废水排放。     

辽宁省水资源承载力分析

在假定条件下,运用主成分分析法,分析了影响辽宁省水资源承栽力变化的最主要驱动因子,提出辽宁水资源存在的问题和提高水资源承载力的方法。     

国际河流利用的基本原则及重要规则初探

从国际水法和国际惯例的角度,对当前国际社会普遍认可的几个关于国际河流利用的基本原则和重要规则的本质特点及其运用进行了阐述和分析。认为“公平合理利用”和“不造成重大损害”作为国际河流利用的两个最基本的原则,后者应以前者为前提,不应孤立运用;自由航行、经常交换数据与资料、事前通知等作为具体情况下的重要规则,在运用时要注意其适用条件;正确理解和运用这些原则和规则,对合理利用国际河流和开展国际合作具有重要意义。     

Urban sprawl factors in the surface water resource basins of Istanbul

This paper presents the reasons for uncontrolled land-use changes in the water resource basins of Istanbul. These changes are evaluated with a Geographical Information System (GIS), using four Landsat (1990, 1995, 2000, 2005) satellite images. Additional spatial information about capital improvement projects (highways and the Bosporus bridges), industrial land-use decisions, land ownership, and jurisdictional boundaries is also utilized. We observe that the most critical land-use changes have occurred in places with higher accessibility, mostly in close proximity to the metropolitan city center. The literature describes large public capital improvement projects (primarily the Trans European Motorway – TEM) as the primary reason for a trend of illegal occupation of public lands; however, the TEM should not be considered as the sole reason. This study explores other possible causes for these illegal developments in the water resource basins, grouped into three broad dimensions physical, socio–economic–political, and legal. Finally, we put forward possible policy suggestions for the preservation of the limited surface water resource basins in Istanbul.     

科斯定理与水资源的有效配置

科斯定理强调了产权的确定及其自由交易对于实现资源配置最优化的重要意义。本文将科斯定理应用于水资源的研究中 ,提出了我国进行水权界定及其交易的重要性 ,并分析了界定水权及建立水权交易市场时可能遇到的几个问题 ,如初始水权界定问题、水权市场的局限性问题等     

虚拟水方法在干旱地区灌澌工程中的应用——以西藏拉洛水利枢纽及配套灌区工程为例

通过应用虚拟水及其理论，对西藏拉洛水利枢纽及配套灌区工程的灌区进行水足迹及相关指标的计算，结果表明：灌区在工程设计基准年总水足迹为33960245m^3，其中农作物生产耗水占87.31％；灌区的人均水足迹为1958．153m^3，与单位农作物的虚拟水含量一样都高于全国平均水平；由于农业生产对灌区水资源造成了很大的压力，建议干旱地区的水资源利用要采取符合当地实际的虚拟水战略。     

水利投入对国民经济增长拉动的数学模型

采用一般的Solow生产函数建立了计算水利投入对国民经济拉动作用的数学模型，应用灰色系统理论估算了资金和劳动投入的产出弹性，并通过某省一个实例进行计算，得出某省水利投入对国民经济增长拉动作用的量化数据。     

水资源价值核算研究──以哈尔滨城市供水系统为例

从可持续发展观点出发,对水资源 基本理论依据和方法进行了初步探讨。通过哈尔滨城市供水系统的水价与成本分析的实例研究,提出了关于加强水资源价值核算,推进资源资产化管理的对策及建议。