基于契约属性研究的人力资本定价模型

从人力资本的特性出发,研究发现人力资本定价的界限是人力资本在企业价值创造中的贡献价值而非其全部价值,还发现人力资本与企业间的契约不仅可以把人力资本的贡献价值从其全部价值中剥离出来,而且决定着人力资本的价值贡献机理.随后,在对企业中人力资本契约属性分析的基础上.创造性地构建出人力资本的契约矩阵,实现了对人力资本价值贡献特征的归类,并最终得出了一种基于契约属性研究的人力资本定价模型.     

Developing Perspectives into Across-Class Associational Advertising

Abstract

This study extends the research into the developing field of across-class associational advertising, finding that claims featuring a forthcoming model with a quality reputation for the manufacturer may be superior to non-across-class advertising for producing quality enhancements and a subsequent good value perception. However, such across-class comparisons involving an existing model without a quality advantage are likely to fail, as they may invite contrast effects. In addition, the authors experimentally vary and evaluate ad copy factors such as third-party endorsements and the number of associational prompts.     

Foreign Aid and the Quest for Poverty Reduction: Is Aid to Agriculture Effective?

Development statistics estimate that three quarters of the poor live in rural areas and most of them depend on agriculture and related activities for their livelihood. Consequently, research focusing on economic growth and poverty reduction has found that sustainable rapid transition out of poverty requires a special emphasis on the agricultural sector. This study contributes to the debate on aid effectiveness by disaggregating total aid into subcategories and specifically investigating the relationship between aid given to the agricultural sector and poverty reduction. If agricultural development is more effective in reducing poverty than some other types of development, then foreign aid directed towards agriculture may be more efficient in increasing the well‐being of the poor than aid directed to some other sectors or uses. Our analysis uses panel data for developing aid recipient countries to empirically test this relationship. We find a significant relationship between agricultural aid and poverty reduction in our estimates.     

Stated and Inferred Attribute Attendance Models: A Comparison with Environmental Choice Experiments

There is increasing evidence that respondents to choice experiment surveys do not consider all attributes presented in the choice sets. Not accounting for this ‘attribute non‐attendance’ leads to biased parameter estimates, and hence biased estimates of willingness to pay. Various methods exist to account for non‐attendance in the analysis of choice data, with limited agreement as to which method is ‘best’. This paper compares modelling approaches that can account for non‐attendance, based on stated and inferred attribute non‐attendance. Respondents' stated non‐attendance is incorporated in the specification of multinomial and mixed logit models. Inference of non‐attendance is based on equality constrained latent class models. Results show that model fit is significantly improved when attribute non‐attendance is taken into account, and that welfare estimates are lower when incorporating non‐attendance. The inference based on equality constrained latent class models provides the best model fit. There is little concordance between stated and inferred non‐attendance, suggesting that respondents may not answer attendance statements truthfully.     

Gender Quotas and Human Capital Formation: A Relative Deprivation Approach

We study a quota's effect on individual human capital investment incentives beyond merely altering individual's overall probability of being promoted. We assume that individuals sense relative deprivation from unfavorable (income) comparisons within their reference group and that comparisons take place within the same gender. The introduction of a female quota increases (decreases) the number of women (men) holding top positions. On one hand, the relative deprivation to which female individuals are subjected to increases. These female individuals respond to an increase in their relative deprivation by acquiring additional human capital which, because it enables them to increase their earnings, reduces their relative deprivation. On the other hand, male individuals invest less in human capital in response to a decrease in relative deprivation. We show that the human capital formed by women who are encouraged to do so by the quotas is larger than the human capital that men who are discouraged by the quotas refrain from forming. However, the positive human capital accumulation effect hinges on a certain level of ability by gender and on how much individuals perceive relative deprivation.     

产品过剩、产能过剩与经济结构调整

由美国金融危机引发的世界性经济危机使我国显露出产品相对过剩和产能结构性过剩问题,这种过剩与资本主义国家的产品相对过剩和产能过剩有相似之处,但也存在本质的不同.其产生原因除一般市场经济中的固有矛盾外,也有我国特有的原因和机制.建议政府增强宏观的行业信息传递和投资引导工作,合理引导投资方向和范围,根据实际情况对某些产品和产业投资进行宽松有限的管理,调整现有经济结构和产业结构.     

Spatial and Scope Effects: Valuations of Coastal Management Practices

We explore how values for environmental management in the Kimberley region of Australia respond to changes in spatial scale and attribute scope. A discrete choice experiment was conducted that included the impacts of management on marine no‐take areas, Aboriginal rangers, recreational facilities, and coastal development. A split sample single‐site design was used to estimate values for the Kimberley region as a whole, and for two separate smaller sub‐regions, allowing us to test for spatial preference heterogeneity. Management outcomes for different regions were displayed on a map to show respondents explicitly where outcomes would occur. We show that willingness to pay results are similar between the two smaller sub‐regions, and that willingness to pay for the attributes increased when management occurred at the larger geographical scale. However, respondents were somewhat insensitive to changes in the scope of the two cardinal attributes: area of no‐take and number of rangers. We discuss the implications of this spatial and scope insensitivity for choice experiment research.     

Pay Growth,Fairness, and Job Satisfaction: Implications for Nominal and Real Wage Rigidity

Theories of wage rigidity often rely on a positive relationship between pay changes and utility, arising from concern for fairness or gift exchange. Supportive evidence has emerged from laboratory experiments, but the link has not yet been established with field data. This paper contributes a first step, using representative British data. Workers care about the level and the growth of earnings. Below‐median wage increases lead to an insult effect, except when similar workers have real wage reductions or when firm production is falling. Nominal pay cuts appear to be insulting even when the firm is doing badly.     

Social comparisons of wage increases and job satisfaction

We combine status quo and social comparison considerations and investigate whether relative wage increases in the sense of differences between individual wage increases and wage increases of comparable employees are related to managers’ job satisfaction. Using a panel data set of managers in the German chemical industry, we indeed find first evidence. The relation between relative wage increases and job satisfaction is relevant for managers with lower absolute wage levels in particular.     

First-time buyers' subjective knowledge and the attribute preferences of Chinese car buyers

This research focuses on the subjective knowledge of first time buyers (FTBs hereafter) and how it influences their preference attributes in a market, more specifically, the emerging Chinese car market. Previous research has considered the difference in the subjective knowledge of a product between owners and non-owners but does not account that some non-owners have stronger intentions to make a purchase. Yet, the impact of the purchase goal of FTBs on their subjective knowledge remains unexplained. This research demonstrates that the effect of the purchase goal on subjective knowledge is moderated by product ownership. Specifically, the findings show that the purchase goal only affects the level of subjective knowledge of FTB but not those of potential repurchasing buyers. Furthermore, when segmenting potential FTBs on the basis of their subjective knowledge, the segment of potential FTBs with higher subjective knowledge display similar attribute preferences to owners, while the preference differences are observed when segmenting potential buyers into owners and non-owners. From a managerial perspective, the findings of the research demonstrate the value of using subjective knowledge for consumer segmentation when targeting car buyers.