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31.
计划体制下形成的是与高度集权的经济体制相适应的分配式商品流通组织体系。转轨时期商品流通呈现“三多一少”的格局,流通的低层次性和非系统化。未来的商品流通呈现出弱化二元经济特征、批发业革新、信息化等趋势。 相似文献
32.
根据实际情况,我国政府调控个人收入分配,在财政政策方面,应加快完善社会保障制度,加大转移支付力度,缩小地区经济差距,加大扶贫投入的力度;在税收政策方面,应进一步完善个人所得税制度,适时开征遗产税与赠与税,加强特别消费税的作用,建立个人财产税制,适时开征社会保障税。 相似文献
33.
In this article, the quantile time–frequency method is utilized to study the dependence of Chinese commodities on the international financial market. The impacts of risk management and diversification benefits of different portfolios are examined by calculating the reduction in downside risk. Moreover, we estimate and compare Sharpe Ratios (SRs) and Generalized Sharpe Ratios (GSRs) based on the frequencies of the investigated portfolios. Our empirical results reveal a strong asymmetric response from Chinese commodity markets. Specifically, we find that gold is a safe-haven asset, and due to negative correlations found at lower quantiles in medium and long term, an increase in the USD index damages bull commodity markets but boosts bear conditions under long-term investments, and negative (positive) tail correlations with interest rates (IRs) in bull (bear) markets are observed. It is proven that WTI can decrease short-run risks while USD and GOLD are more efficient in the diversification of downside risk. Adding international commodities may not improve the returns of Chinese commodities at given risk levels in the short and medium term through SRs and GSRs. In brief, investors should consider these dependence structures and modes of risk management in terms of time and frequency. 相似文献
34.
伴随间接征收概念的不断扩张,作为东道国合理管制权力的征税权也逐渐被投资者质疑从而提起征收之诉而要求补偿。过度的征税、歧视性的征税以及逾越善意本质的征税有可能被视为间接征收。《北美自由贸易协定》、《欧洲人权条约》等极力倡导保护私人投资权利的国际条约在其仲裁与司法实践中却将天平倾斜于东道国,设置了争端解决的前置程序或形成了实践中的认定标准。我国外资征税体制虽然发生了重要的变革,但无论从税率的设置还是实施的普遍性和效果来看都不构成对外资的间接征收。 相似文献
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In this study, we introduce progressive taxation and human capital differences across productive sectors into a typical monetary policy game. The objective of this work is to reveal the potential short-run effects of these two typical features of economic growth on inflation dynamics. In our framework, such features act as frictions of labor mobility across sectors. We show that an increased progressivity of taxation lowers the diffusion of shocks, and in turn increases inflation persistence. Moreover, the dispersion of human capital across sectors acts as a barrier to labor mobility and thereby increasing inflation inertia through the same channel. We also empirically verify these findings by employing panel data analysis in a sample of 28 OECD countries. 相似文献
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Kym Anderson Ernesto Valenzuela Glyn Wittwer 《Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy》2011,30(3):386-399
We provide economy‐wide modelling results of the national and regional implications of two current challenges facing the Australian wine industry: a decline in export demand, and a possible change in the tax on domestic wine sales following the Henry Review of Taxation. The demand shock causes regional GDP to fall in the cool and warm wine regions, but not in the hot wine regions unless the shock is large. A change from the current ad valorem tax to a similarly low volumetric tax on domestic wine sales causes regional GDP to rise in the cool and warm wine regions, partly offsetting its fall due to the export demand shock, but GDP in the hot wine regions would fall substantially. The switch to a volumetric tax as high as the standard beer rate would raise tax revenue and lower domestic wine consumption by more than one‐third. However, it would induce a one‐third decrease in production of non‐premium wine as its consumer price would rise by at least three‐quarters (while the average price of super premium wines would change very little). This would exacerbate the difference in effects of a tax reform on GDP in hot versus warm and cool wine regions. 相似文献
39.
George G. Dawson 《The Journal of economic education》2013,44(1):55-56
Turnovsky observes that “the rational expectations hypothesis has had a profound impact on macroeconomic theory and policy during the past decade.” Tracing briefly the evolution of the ideas involved, he concludes that “… a consensus view is emerging that in fact under quite plausible conditions the policy neutrality proposition does not hold; therefore, there is still scope for policy rules to play an important role in stabilizing output.”The mathematics used in the article is expository rather than analytical, requiring of the reader only somewhat more than the usual amount of persistence, faith in the author's interpretation of the literature, and a willingness to accept the integrity of economic models as representative of the real world. This is “required” reading for those teaching macroeconomics. 相似文献
40.
Leonor Modesto 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1993,3(1):23-39
We investigate whether or not the imposition of a common EC energy-tax will penalize more the poorer Southern European economies and if this will harm convergence at the EC level. We start by surveying briefly the existing studies and empirical evidence. Then we exploit the results obtained when using the macroeconometric HERMES models to simulate the introduction of an energy-tax. Unfortunately, as we only have HERMES results for one Southern European economy, Portugal, our conclusions are limited. Finally, we investigate convergence in Europe and the effects of energy taxation on convergence. We conclude that energy taxation will harm growth all over the EC, penalizing more one of the less developed countries, Portugal, and having most probably adverse effects on convergence.This paper was prepared for presentation at the Conference Energy Tax in Europe organized jointly by the SEO-University of Amsterdam and the DG XII of the CEC and held in Amsterdam on 13th December 1991. I would like to thank the participants in the Conference and two anonymous referees for helpful comments. Of course, the usual disclaimer applies. 相似文献