中国股票市场操纵对市场流动性的影响研究——基于收盘价操纵行为的识别与监测

基于收盘价操纵后股票价格的变动特征,本文构建了收盘价操纵行为的识别方法——尾市价格偏离模型,并利用中国股票市场的分时高频交易数据实现了可疑收盘价操纵行为的监测。进一步,本文采用面板数据回归实证分析了收盘价操纵影响市场流动性的方向、程度和机制。研究结果表明,收盘价操纵会导致股票交易成本上升和流动性下降,这种影响往往在股票市场处于震荡和下跌阶段时更为显著;同时,投资者报价策略趋于保守化是收盘价操纵对市场流动性产生影响的关键因素,而引发投资者调整报价策略的原因可能是股价波动加剧后订单非执行风险的降低。     

Exports,foreign direct investment,and the costs of corporate taxation

This paper develops a model of a monopolistically competitive industry with extensive and intensive investment and shows how these margins respond to changes in average and marginal corporate tax rates. Intensive investment refers to the size of a firm’s capital stock. Extensive investment refers to the firm’s production location and reflects the trade-off between exports and foreign direct investment as alternative modes of foreign market access. The paper derives comparative static effects of the corporate tax and shows how the cost of public funds depends on the measures of effective marginal and average tax rates and on the elasticities of extensive and intensive investment. The paper was presented in 2006 at the German public finance meeting in Giessen; the Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna; the ESF/CEPR Workshop on Outsourcing, Migration and the European Economy in Rome; the University of St. Gallen; the Graduate Institute for International Studies in Geneva, and in 2007 at the International Monetary Fund in Washington, DC, the CESifo Area Conference in Public Sector Economics in Munich and the 63rd IIPF Congress in Warwick. I appreciate stimulating comments by Michael Devereux and seminar participants and, in particular, by the discussants Andreas Haufler and Nadine Riedl, an anonymous referee and the editor Richard Cornes.     

露天矿山矿用大车成本控制措施

文章主要介绍了矿用大车运行中成苓控制的方法与措施。通过多种措施来降低企业成本,向管理要效益,为企业又好又快发展作出贡献。     

Economic impact of hypoglycemia among insulin-treated patients with diabetes

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the cost of hypoglycemic events among insulin-treated patients with diabetes and the potential cost savings to a hypothetical US health plan and employer of reducing hypoglycemic events with a device intervention.

Methods: A cost-calculator model was developed to estimate the direct costs of hypoglycemic events, accounting for diabetes type, age, and event severity. Model inputs were derived from published incidence rates of hypoglycemic events and direct medical costs. Assumed intervention efficacy was based on published studies of an emerging technology which yielded 72.2% (LGS Trial; ACTRN12610000024044) and 31.8% (ASPIRE Trial; NCT01497938) reductions in severe and non-severe hypoglycemic events, respectively. Model outcomes—including the number of severe (requiring medical assistance) and non-severe events, and direct/indirect medical costs (excluding intervention costs)—were evaluated over a 1-year period for a hypothetical health plan and employer perspectives.

Results: In a health plan with 10 million enrollees, patients without the intervention would have experienced 0.09 and 14.60 severe and non-severe hypoglycemic events per patient per year (PPPY), respectively (vs 0.02 severe and 9.96 non-severe events with the intervention). This translated into total direct medical cost savings of $45 million ($177 PPPY) for the health plan. For an employer with 100,000 employees, the intervention would have yielded additional savings of $492 PPPY in indirect costs.

Conclusion: Insulin-treated patients experience hypoglycemic events, which are associated with substantial direct and indirect medical costs. The cost savings of reducing hypoglycemic events need to be weighed against the costs of using diabetes device interventions.     

Real-world dosing and drug costs with everolimus or axitinib as second targeted therapies for advanced renal cell carcinoma: a retrospective chart review in the US

Objective:

To describe dosing patterns and to compare the drug costs per month spent in progression-free survival (PFS) among patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC) treated with everolimus or axitinib following a first tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI).

Methods:

A medical record retrospective review was conducted among medical oncologists and hematologists/oncologists in the US. Patient eligibility criteria included: (1) age ≥18 years; (2) discontinuation of first TKI (sunitinib, sorafenib, or pazopanib) for medical reasons; (3) initiation of axitinib or everolimus as a second targeted therapy during February 2012–January 2013. Real-world dosing patterns were summarized. Dose-specific drug costs (as of October 2014) were based on wholesale acquisition costs from RED BOOK Online. PFS was compared between everolimus and axitinib using a multivariable Cox proportion hazards model. Everolimus and axitinib drug costs per month of PFS were compared using multivariable gamma regression models.

Results:

A total of 325 patients received everolimus and 127 patients received axitinib as second targeted therapy. Higher proportions of patients treated with axitinib vs everolimus started on a higher than label-recommended starting dose (14% vs 2%) or experienced dose escalation (11% vs 1%) on second targeted therapy. The PFS did not differ significantly between patients receiving everolimus or axitinib (adjusted hazard ratio (HR)?=?1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI]?=?0.73–1.82). After baseline characteristics adjustment, axitinib was associated with 17% ($1830) higher drug costs per month of PFS compared to everolimus ($12,467 vs $10,637; p?<?0.001).

Limitations:

Retrospective observational study design and only drug acquisition costs considered in drug costs estimates.

Conclusions:

Patients with aRCC receiving axitinib as second targeted therapy were more likely to initiate at a higher than label-recommended dose and were more likely to dose escalate than patients receiving everolimus. With similar observed durations of PFS, drug costs were significantly higher—by 17% per month of PFS—with axitinib than with everolimus.     

抑制代理成本提升公司价值了吗？——来自沪、深两市非金融类A股上市公司的经验证据

以沪、深两市非金融类A股上市公司2005～2009年的混合数据为研究对象，运用双变量回归（bivariate regression）、复回归（multiple regression）及协方差回归（ANACOVA）等计量方法，实证考察权益代理成本与公司价值间的关联性。研究结果表明，当权益代理成本降低时，我国上市公司的市场价值（托宾Q值）和财务业绩（ROA）均得到显著提高；且在引入内外部监督机制、管理层激励机制及股权结构特征三重约束后，二者的反向关联性仍维持稳定。此结论为代理成本理论增添了新的经验证据，即提升上市公司自身价值，保障投资者权益的有效途径之一就是降低代理成本。     

Patterns of foreign direct investment in poor countries

This paper introduces endogenous adoption costs for productive assets in a Ramsey-type growth model with international capital flows. There are two classes of productive assets: owner-specific and location-specific. Adoption costs are an increasing function of the level of technology embodied in the investor's owner-specific assets and a declining function of the host country's location-specific assets. In this setting, the observed pattern of international capital flows is consistent with diminishing returns to capital. Further, our model predicts that the sectoral allocation of foreign direct investment is similar in rich and poor countries.     

融资成本、金融可得性与军民科技协同创新——基于中关村与湖南省实践分析

探索金融支持军民科技协同创新的有效途径,使资金链与创新链、产业链、政策链发展要求相适应,对军民科技协同创新发展具有重要意义。目前,我国军民科技协同创新面临融资成本高、金融可得性低的双重约束,中关村、湖南两地军民科技协同创新的成功实践表明,破除军民科技协同创新融资约束的关键在于发挥市场配置资源的决定性作用以及更好地发挥政府主导作用。具体而言,在科技创新活跃和金融服务相对完善地区,应搭建金融中介服务平台,充分发挥各市场主体的主观能动性;在科技创新潜力大但金融服务相对薄弱地区,应加强“银-政”合作,充分发挥开发性金融服务机构及地方政府的主动性和创造性,推动军民科技协同创新。     

机构共同持股与公司透明度

随着我国资本市场的发展,监管机构和市场投资者对上市公司信息披露的质量提出更高要求,而作为重要的利益相关者,共同机构投资者连结企业之间的经济关联在资本市场中越来越常见,探讨机构共同持股对公司透明度的影响对于完善和发展我国证券市场具有深刻意义。本文以2007-2019年A股上市公司为研究样本,考察机构共同持股对公司透明度的影响。实证结果表明,机构共同持股能够显著提高公司透明度。同时,进一步研究发现,机构共同持股通过减少恶性竞争、降低披露的专有成本和缓解代理问题,降低代理成本这两条路径提高公司透明度。在国有企业、创新型企业中,机构共同持股更能提高公司透明度。本文结论为推进股票发行注册制,进一步完善以信息披露为核心的制度体系提供了理论指导,为资本市场信息环境的改善提供了理论支持。