浅议征收房产税对未来房价的影响

房价包括房地产开发成本和开发商利润两部分,其中土地费用、建安成本和税费占房地产开发成本的90%左右,成本因素、供求关系和政策因素是影响房价上涨的主要因素.从短期来看,征收房产税会增加炒房、囤房者的投资持有成本,也会影响购房者对未来的预期,有利于遏制房价过快增长;但就长期而言,由于需求大于供给的总趋势没有变,居民对住房的...     

我国责任保险市场发展问题研究

本文系统研究中国责任保险市场发展基本状况,分别从我国责任保险的保费情况、市场份额、保险深度和密度等角度,分析责任保险市场发展现状及存在的问题,指出违法成本低、法律外部环境不健全、国家与保险公司重视程度不够是当前责任保险发展不足的主要原因。随后本文总结了发达国家责任保险的发展经验,并结合国内实际,提出了扩大责任保险的有效供给、增加责任保险的有效需求、因地制宜发展责任保险、完善与责任保险相关的法律法规以及部分责任保险需强制实施等在内的五条建议。     

Endogenous Managerial Incentives and the Optimal Combination of Debt and Dividend Commitments

This paper studies the optimal combination of debt and dividend commitmentsin an agency model of the firm. Financial policy is relevant because ex-post information asymmetry requires managerial rewards to depend on the ability to meet financial commitments. If perquisite or inside information problems exist in isolation, debt-based incentives as assumed in previous studies result endogenously. If the problems exist simultaneously, dividends can be optimal even when they appear excessively costly as a signal and unduly lenient as a disciplining device. The reason is that the set of dynamically consistent rewards increases when debt commitments are augmented with dividend commitments, and a larger set of ex-post rewards is more valuable as ex-antedecisions become more complex.     

交易成本理论的现实意义

科斯的交易成本理论包括交易成本和科斯定理.交易成本的本质是与交易有关的制度的运行成本,科斯定理最根本的是明确产权对减少交易成本的决定性作用.体制的创新、企业的改革、外部效应所产生的污染问题及政府的职能转变等充分诠释了交易成本理论的现实意义.     

Governance and competence: how can they be combined?

Transaction cost economics faces serious problems concerningthe way it deals, or fails to deal, with bounded rationality,the efficiency of outcomes, trust, innovation, learning andthe nature of knowledge. The competence view yields an alternativeperspective on the purpose and boundaries of the firm. However,the competence view cannot ignore issues of governance and,in spite of serious criticism, transaction cost economics yieldssome useful concepts to deal with them. This paper aims to contributeto the development of theory and empirical research that connectsgovernance and competence perspectives.     

Costs and Structure of Technology in the Italian Water Industry

This paper analyses from an empirical point of view the technology underlying the Water industry. Firstly, we study the impact of environmental and quality factors on the production process. Secondly, different functional forms are analysed in order to represent the technology. Overall results show that the coefficient of hedonic variables are significant and that the best functional form is the transcendental logarithmic one. Finally, evidence on return to scale depends on the functional form adopted and on the inclusion ofhedonic variables.     

Managerial Firms,Entry, and Switching Costs

Empirical evidence shows that switching costs are important in many industries. We analyze the welfare effects of entry into markets with switching costs when firms can be run by managers and the entrant may be partially foreign-owned. We find that with profit-maximizing firms, the welfare effect of entry depends crucially on the ownership of the entrant firm. We also show that entry is less likely with managerial firms than it is with profit-maximizing firms. In the latter case, entry always reduces welfare if the share of the entrant firm owned by foreign investors is high. However, with managerial firms, entry always increases welfare.     

契约论视阈下债务融资治理效应研究

以我国沪深两市的A股上市公司为研究样本,运用契约理论,通过构建多元回归模型,对公司债务融资的治理效应进行实证研究。研究表明,我国上市公司的债务融资并不能对管理层发挥很好的激励和约束作用,从而不能显著地降低公司的代理成本,也没有提高公司绩效,即公司债务融资契约没有发挥出其应有的治理效应。     

A UK analysis of the cost of switching renal transplant patients from an immediate-release to a prolonged-release formulation of tacrolimus based on differences in trough concentration variability

Background and aims:

Randomized controlled trials have shown that a once-daily prolonged-release (PR) tacrolimus formulation (PR tacrolimus; Advagraf), is non-inferior to a twice-daily immediate-release (IR) tacrolimus formulation (IR tacrolimus; Prograf) in terms of biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft failure and mortality in renal transplant recipients. However, relative to IR tacrolimus, PR tacrolimus exhibits reduced tacrolimus trough concentration variability, which has been associated with reduced graft failure. Based on these data, the present study evaluated the cost of switching UK renal transplant patients from IR tacrolimus to PR tacrolimus.

Methods:

UK-specific data on acute rejection, graft failure, and mortality were used to construct a budget impact model to assess the costs of switching from IR tacrolimus to PR tacrolimus on a 1:1?mg:mg basis. The model assumed that 3.1% of patients on PR tacrolimus had high tacrolimus trough concentration variability compared with 17.4% on IR tacrolimus, based on a study comparing PR tacrolimus and IR tacrolimus pharmacokinetics. A relative graft failure risk of 2.38 was applied to high variability patients based on data from a tacrolimus variability study in which 10/148 patients with low variability experienced graft failure, compared with 24/149 in the high variability group. Cost data were taken from the British National Formulary and 2012–2013 NHS tariff information.

Results:

The mean per-patient cost (including tacrolimus, concomitant immunosuppressive medications, dialysis after graft failure, and treatment for acute rejection) was GBP 26,941 (standard deviation [SD]?=?GBP 2765) with PR tacrolimus vs GBP 30,356 (SD?=?GBP 3085) for IR tacrolimus over a 5-year period, corresponding to a saving of GBP 3415 (SD?=?GBP 516) per patient or GBP 341,500 in a hypothetical 100-patient transplant center. Cost savings were driven primarily by lower dialysis costs resulting from the lower proportion of PR tacrolimus patients with high tacrolimus trough concentration variability (leading to lower graft failure risk).

Limitations:

The main limitation of the study was the use of heterogeneous data sources to capture the effect of within-patient variability on graft failure. The most important difference between the studies was the definition of the threshold between low and high within-patient variability. This was explored in sensitivity analyses in which the inter-arm difference in the inter-arm proportions of patients with high and low variability was abolished.

Conclusions:

Converting UK renal transplant recipients from IR tacrolimus to PR tacrolimus was associated with lower pharmacy and dialysis costs.