Productivity and Welfare

Technical change is generally characterized by a rate and biases, both evaluated for given producer prices. This paper examines the potential discrepancy between this rate and the corresponding rate of consumer welfare change as measured by Allais distributable surplus. We postulate a general equilibrium context with various market failures (taxes, quotas, imperfect competition, and “poorly priced” commodities), and use comparative statics to express the rate of welfare change in terms of the rate and biases of the technical change. An elementary simulation model of a taxed economy suggests that the rate of welfare change may differ from the rate of technical change by as much as 50% under plausible circumstances.     

Hybrid governance and governance performance in industrial purchasing relationships

Hybrid governance arrangements (e.g. joint action, long-term contracting and vertical coordination) feature regularly as an effective response to inter-firm dependence in the literature of business-to-business relationships. However, current empirical work has paid little attention to whether such governance arrangements really do improve governance efficacy and reduce transaction costs. The present study focuses on the governance efficacy of vertical coordination in industrial business-to-business relationships. Building on transaction costs arguments, the author examines whether vertical coordination is an effective means for adapting to inter-firm dependence, realized as the substantial employment of specific assets.Empirical findings from a survey of 170 industrial supplier–buyer relationships demonstrate that when asset specificity reaches a certain level, greater vertical coordination reduces ex post transaction costs significantly. On the other hand, this efficacy pattern is modest or non-existent in relationships with low asset specificity.The research findings support the basic TCA assumption that the performance of hybrid governance arrangements is highly dependent on a situation of substantial inter-firm dependence with subsequent small-number conditions.     

证监会、审计机构、上市公司寻租行为的博弈分析

首先,阐述了寻租理论的发展及其危害;然后,借助博弈论作为分析工具,讨论了上市公司与审计机构寻租的成本、概率以及处罚力度等因素对纳什均衡解的影响;最后,给出了治理寻租行为的对策建议。     

Heterogeneity in Economics

This paper argues that heterogeneity of agents’ characteristics plays a fundamental role in the economy and should do so in economic models. Three aspects are considered. Firstly the notion that assuming heterogeneity was a solution to the problem posed by the results of Sonnenschein Mantel and Debreu is considered and it is suggested that the more pragmatic approach adopted by Hildenbrand is likely to be more productive. Next the role of adaptation and evolution which necessarily involve variety or heterogeneity is examined. It is suggested that heterogeneity will persist since agents will only slowly learn to adapt and that in the meantime the environment will change. Lastly the role of heterogeneity in financial markets is examined. It is suggested that heterogeneous and varying expectations may account for many of the stylised facts which do not seem to be consistent with the standard financial markets model.“Variety is the spice of life”     

两个销售商Bertrand竞争下的供应链需求信息共享

考虑包含一个上游制造商和两个下游销售商的单周期供应链系统。销售商销售不同质的产品且分别拥有关于需求的私有信息。他们之间进行基于价格的Bertrand竞争。建立了三阶段博弈模型，并计算出均衡结果。最后通过模型结果分析需求信息共享前后期望利润的变化，提出了制造商激励销售商其享需求信息的策略。结果表明销售商的需求信息共享在一定条件下是可以很好地实现的。     

Does economic policy uncertainty drive the dynamic spillover among traditional currencies and cryptocurrencies? The role of the COVID-19 pandemic

The paper examines the dynamic spillover among traditional currencies and cryptocurrencies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and investigates whether economic policy uncertainty (EPU) impacts this spillover. Based on the TVP-VAR approach, we find evidence of spillover effects among currencies, which increased widely during the pandemic. In addition, results suggest that almost all cryptocurrencies remain as “safe-haven” tools against market uncertainty during the COVID-19 period. Moreover, comparative analysis shows that the total connectedness for cryptocurrencies is lower than for traditional currencies during the crisis. Further analysis using quantile regression suggests that EPU exerts an impact on the total and the net spillovers with different degrees across currencies and this impact is affected by the health crisis. Our findings have important policy implications for policymakers, investors, and international traders.     

论龙头企业与农户之间信用关系的治理机制

本文从资产专用性的角度对公司与农户之间信用关系进行了理论和案例分析,进而得出对于公司与农户之间的信用关系,应该根据不同的资产专用性选择不同的治理机制,以此提高交易双方的信用水平:对于专用性程度小的农产品交易,应由市场治理;对于具有较高资产专用性的农产品交易,需要混合治理模式;对于资产专用性程度特别高的农产品交易,等级治理(纵向一体化)将是最优选择。     

论技术创新与报酬递增律

新经济的兴起大大动摇了报酬递减律的理由 ,出现了报酬递增的现象 ,这使得原有的经济学原理无法做出合理的解释。文章运用复杂科学的有关原理解释报酬递增现象 ,对生产系统进行了经济熵和经济耗散结构分析 ,剖析了技术创新的两种模式 ,提供了报酬递增律的理论依据。     

汇率制度:变迁轨迹与经济绩效

通过对汇率制度变迁下实际汇率水平、内外部均衡目标的实证研究发现:钉住一揽子货币制度能较好的实现内部均衡目标,经济绩效显著;相对浮动汇率制度在内部均衡目标实现方面的经济绩效不显著,却能有效的促进外部均衡目标的实现;固定汇率制度能促进内部均衡目标的实现,国内经济绩效显著,却不能有效促进外部均衡目标的实现。我国汇率制度的变迁揭示,汇率变化要与国内经济结构和市场能力相适应。当前人民币升值虽然是趋势,但要循序渐进缓步推进,给予国内经济结构和出口行业留有转型时间和空间。我国均衡汇率的逐步形成,需要实现国内经济绩效和国际经济绩效的协调同步,才能实现经济可持续发展。     

人力资本、物质资本与经济增长——基于中国数据的经验研究

通过测算我国改革开放以来经济发展中的物质资本存量和人力资本存量，并利用现代计量分析方法分析人力资本、物质资本与我国经济增长之间的动态相关关系，建立了三者之间的向量自回归模型以及长期均衡和短期均衡模型。分析结果表明：我国的GDP、物质资本和人力资本之间存在着长期均衡关系；虽然短期内的经济增长仍要依靠物质资本的大量投入，人力资本对经济增长的贡献较小，但从长期来看，人力资本对经济增长的贡献要大于物质资本，而且是经济增长的Granger原因。因此，我国应加大对教育的投资，提高人力资本存量。