Economic valuation of biodiversity: A comparative study

In recent years, an intensive debate on the economic valuation of biodiversity has entered the environmental-economics literature. The present paper seeks to offer first a critical review of key concepts that are essential for a proper understanding of such evaluation issues. Particular attention is given here to various monetary valuation approaches and to comparative (i.e., meta-analytical) methods from the perspective of conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Several illustrative examples are presented in order to highlight the usefulness of the various approaches discussed. Next, an attempt is made to infer general findings and lessons from past applied research by means of meta-analysis. In this context, a multi-dimensional technique originating from the field of artificial intelligence is deployed. It allows us to identify the most important variables responsible for changes in economic estimates of biodiversity.     

企业战略过程的组织控制模型及其动态平衡机理

文章从战略管理的研究现状出发,指出战略过程（Strategy process）研究的重要价值以及现有研究的不足;运用系统论的思想构建了企业战略过程的组织控制模型,并对该模型的战略制定、战略转换以及战略实施三大系统的内部控制结构和运行机制进行了深入分析;在此基础上深刻剖析了企业战略过程组织控制模型的动态平衡机理。     

SNC公司战略制定研究

战略制定是企业战略管理中的一个重要环节,是企业对未来发展方向和目标的选择。通过运用PEST分析、迈克尔·波特五力分析模型、SWOT分析、平衡记分卡(BSC)等战略工具,对SNC公司战略制定的全过程进行研究,最终确定SNC公司2012年度的发展战略。     

应用型本科计算机专业培养方案的制定策略与实施

首先分析了新升本科院校计算机专业在学生、师资、专业、就业形势等方面面临的挑战,从而提出了计算机专业人才培养方案的制定原则及其基本思想。并具体阐述了人才培养方案的基本内容,以及为实施人才培养方案应在师资队伍能力的培养、课程建设、教学内容的研讨、注重产学结合的研究、注重学生实践技能的培养等方面所做的保障。     

谈产品标准中检验规范的制定

阐述了产品标准中检验规范的规定与实施，指出了检验标准是企业产品个有高质量、高效益、有竞争力的技术支持和保证。     

HOPE,FEAR, AND ASPIRATIONS

We propose a rank‐dependent portfolio choice model in continuous time that captures the role in decision making of three emotions: hope, fear, and aspirations. Hope and fear are modeled through an inverse‐S shaped probability weighting function and aspirations through a probabilistic constraint. By employing the recently developed approach of quantile formulation, we solve the portfolio choice problem both thoroughly and analytically. These solutions motivate us to introduce a fear index, a hope index, and a lottery‐likeness index to quantify the impacts of three emotions, respectively, on investment behavior. We find that a sufficiently high level of fear endogenously necessitates portfolio insurance. On the other hand, hope is reflected in the agent's perspective on good states of the world: a higher level of hope causes the agent to include more scenarios under the notion of good states and leads to greater payoffs in sufficiently good states. Finally, an exceedingly high level of aspirations results in the construction of a lottery‐type payoff, indicating that the agent needs to enter into a pure gamble in order to achieve his goal. We also conduct numerical experiments to demonstrate our findings.     

Interactive effects of marketing strategy formulation and implementation upon firm performance

Abstract

This study employed an integrative approach to investigate the influence of external business environment, strategy formulation, viability of marketing strategy, and strategy implementation upon firm performance. The findings show that while technological change and market competition negatively influence the credibility of the strategy, market attractiveness has a positive influence upon the viability of strategy employed. Moreover, market competition has a positive influence upon the involvement of marketing managers in terms of strategy making and that the presence of an innovative culture is strongly required in executing a strategic marketing plan. In addition, the study shows that the involvement of marketing managers in strategy making, which is strongly supported by an innovative culture, generates their commitment to the strategy, which positively influences strategy viability.     

Foresight in corporate organisations

Strategy formulation is strictly intertwined with the analysis of the likely evolution of the business environment, in order to detect promptly the opportunities and the threats brought about by emerging trends and to deal with them properly (strategic foresight). Today many companies put much effort into strategic foresight, and also in the literature on strategy there is a growing attention to strategic foresight. However, it still seems there is a lack of a general framework of analysis that clearly defines how all the foresight activities should be carried out in a firm and should be integrated in an organic way, in order to support strategic decision makers at corporate, business and functional levels. This is the main issue we have taken into account through the study of some relevant European and US firms that have established foresight units, in order to deliver support for long term strategy formulation.     

作品元素名称在先权益保护研究——以商标确权为视角

作品名称及作品中诸如角色、场景道具和章节情节等元素的名称因不符合独创性要求而无法受《著作权法》保护,但一些知名作品元素名称因其具有的"促销力"能使消费者"移情"于相关衍生商品或服务而具有很大经济价值.如何对作品元素名称的商业化利益进行在先权益保护一直是商标确权司法实践中颇有争议的问题.构建"商品化权(益)"赋权模式因正当性基础缺失而不宜采用,而以《反不正当竞争法》保护的权益为基础认定在先权益的保护模式能在现有法律框架内更圆融地解决问题.从法律适用的角度,分别从类型化保护路径建构和具体要件认定标准完善两方面就在先作品元素名称的商标确权保护提出具体建议.     

The economic value of reducing medication dosing frequency with drug delivery technologies: an evidence assessment

Objective: To critically evaluate published cost-effectiveness studies of novel drug products requiring less-frequent medication dosing compared to conventional formulations of the same drug substance.

Methods: A search was conducted in the Medline and Embase databases for cost-effectiveness studies published before May 2009 that compared two or more drug delivery technologies formulated with the same active drug substance. The Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES) grading criteria for cost-effectiveness studies was applied to the selected publications.

Results: The literature search identified approximately 907 articles of which six cost-effectiveness studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies spanned four chronic conditions, were conducted from various international perspectives and used decision-analytic models to project economic outcomes. The base-case results of all six studies indicated that the drug product with sustained therapeutic efficacy was either more effective and less costly (‘dominant’) or more cost effective than the conventional formulation of the same drug substance. Quality scores ranging from 70 to 84 (scale 0 to 100) were assigned to the studies, with a mean of 78.

Limitations: This review likely did not capture all relevant drug delivery technologies and drug products. Only one reviewer critically evaluated the cost-effectiveness studies and independently assigned quality scores using the QHES grading criteria, which may be limited in its ability to identify poorly analyzed studies.

Conclusion: Evaluation of the published literature suggests that drug products with less-frequent medication dosing can be cost effective when compared to conventional formulations, but assessments are challenging because of complex relationships among therapeutic drug levels, dosing frequency, medication adherence, and health outcomes. Additional product-specific, comparative, pragmatic studies in this area are needed.