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251.
The Special Zones of Social Interest (Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social – ZEIS) are urban areas specifically earmarked under municipal law for social housing purposes. ZEIS maps demarcated under São Paulo city’s Master Plans – 2002 and 2014 – were examined to quantify the changes over the years and to provide starting point data to evaluate of the limits and the possibilities for further socioeconomic and legal analysis. The zoning impacts were assessed by numeric and cartographic comparison using the available socioeconomic maps and reports produced by the municipality. A post-occupation (a posteriori) zoning (ZEIS type 1 representing 9.4% of municipal area) followed the expansion of the informal settlements, thus providing a first step for assessing the land tenure, while a pre-occupation (a priori) zoning (ZEIS types 2, 3, 4 and 5 representing 2.3% of municipal area) is an important measure for designating land for social housing purposes, even if they do maintain the segregated occupation pattern on the periphery. Upgrading programs have been disappointing, considering the amount of informally occupied land; similarly, property regularization in the land registry offices reveals a lack of political priority and rare provision of public goods and amenities. For vacant land, determining the social function of property remains a challenge because less than 10% of land use intended for social housing projects was implemented as planned. Housing deficit and inequality remain as complex problems. Obviously ZEIS as a zoning tool is still unable to make the fairest occupation processes possible, not being an isolated solution, but if it is used correctly with other innovative measures and housing solutions, satisfactory results can be achieved.  相似文献   
252.
城市人居环境的影响因素多样,涉及自然环境、社会经济发展水平等主要方面。社会经济因素中的产业结构是城市人居环境的决定性因子之一;运用主成分分析方法以大连市为实证分析产业结构与人居环境之间的关系,并建立了数学模型;研究结果表明:产业结构中,第三产业对城市人居环境的影响最大,其原因为:①第三产业本身的服务业性质即直接提高了人居环境;②第三产业推动经济发展间接改善人居环境;③第三产业本身污染小,对人居环境的负面影响小;据此提出了大连市今后应大力调整产业结构,发展第三产业,促进人居环境的发展,形成第三产业与人居环境相互促进、良性循环的局面。  相似文献   
253.
袁芳莉 《价值工程》2010,29(9):88-89
2006年9月,针对深圳市规划局提出的"推进绿色城市建设、促进循环经济发展"研究课题中的"绿色住区规划设计"部分,对深圳市部分生态住区展开调研工作。本文主要探讨深圳绿色住区园林景观设计的现状与问题,并提出绿色住区园林景观的设计的几点建议。  相似文献   
254.
影响我国房地产市场的主要制度安排有五种:房地产住房供给和保障制度、房地产土地供给制度、房地产金融制度、房地产税收制度和存在于我国居民购房行为中的非正式制度。本文对这些制度安排的主要内容及其变迁做了分析,并研究了这些制度安排对我国房地产发展的影响。  相似文献   
255.
自主创新是国防科技工业发展的灵魂,但发现和创新不可能是无源之水、无本之木.自主创新需要坚实基础,这个坚实基础就是国防科技专用性人力资本的投资水平.然而,由于专用性投资固有的“套牢”和“敲竹杠”问题,员工一般自发进行专用性人力资本投资量总是不足,这一点可以从相对较高的国防科技人才流动率上窥豹一斑.文章通过构建国防科技专用性人力资本投资的“囚徒困境”模型,说明了国防科技专用性人力资本自主性投资不足的现状,并针对此现状,分析了非正式制度的基本功能,剖析了非正式制度对于国防科技专用性人力资本投资的激励机理,最终得出结论:在国防科技工业组织内,构建积极向上的合作性的非正式制度,不失为激励理性的国防科技人员积极投身于自身专用性人力资本的一个好办法.  相似文献   
256.
创新既是企业获取长期竞争优势的关键行动,也是我国经济高质量发展的内生动力。董事会作为战略决策机构与治理核心,其内部运作机制必然会影响企业创新水平。基于关系契约理论,以2008—2019年沪深A股上市公司为数据样本,实证研究董事会非正式层级对企业创新的影响。结果发现,董事会非正式层级越清晰,企业创新水平越高,而当股权集中度较高、CEO处于非正式层级最高位时,董事会非正式层级与企业创新间的正相关关系会被削弱。进一步研究发现,董事会非正式层级可以通过降低企业环境不确定性和抑制管理层短视行为提升企业创新水平;区分创新类型后,相比于策略性创新,董事会非正式层级更能够显著提升企业实质性创新水平;董事会非正式层级能够提升企业价值。结论基于新的研究视角从微观动态交互层面理解董事会结构特征对企业创新的影响,对企业加强董事会建设、提升创新水平具有重要借鉴意义。  相似文献   
257.
    
This article looks to investigate the practice of using the ‘sustainable livelihood approach’ in a multifaceted urban greening project, Trees for Homes. The urban greening project was implemented to improve the quality of life and help marginalised citizens of an informal settlement in South Africa to adapt to climate variability through tree planting. We explored the actual execution of the independent techniques being utilised in the implementation of the Trees for Homes project and how it can promote sustainable livelihood objectives in the Zandspruit informal settlement in South Africa. Using a qualitative approach, the study was able to effectively apply sustainable livelihood principles. It was also found, however, that the multi-level principle was limited by the lack of political muscle which is endemic to many disempowered poor citizens of developing economies. Although the project was successful in many ways, political vulnerability within the development cycle threatens the longer term sustainability of the project outcomes.  相似文献   
258.
为什么民间金融市场在中国重要?   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
本文构建一个信息不对称的寡头垄断的融资模型来研究民间金融市场。研究表明,当投资者的监督强度较高时,均衡融资利率较低,融资额较大,企业家投资好项目;反之,均衡融资利率较高,融资额较小,企业家投资坏项目。在中国农村地区,因为投资者和企业家之间的相互了解程度较高,且企业家往往投资于生产技术相对落后的劳动密集型产品,所以投资者易于监督企业家。因此,民间金融市场均衡是低利率、高融资额、企业家投资好项目的均衡。这样,本文可以部分地解释Allen et al.(2005)的经验研究结果:在中国,虽然法律没有很好地保护投资者利益,但民间金融市场发达,支持着非正规部门的发展。本文的研究还表明,可能正是低效率的正规金融体制才导致高利率均衡的存在,从而易于诱发地方性的金融危机。因此,政府可以通过提高正规金融体制效率和建立中小民营银行来有效地遏制地方性金融危机。  相似文献   
259.
    
Several studies examine the effect of tax rates on households’ labor supply decisions in attempts to account for observed differences in work hours across countries. Interestingly, these studies fail to consider a fundamental action associated with taxation: tax evasion. This paper introduces, into a general equilibrium model of household labor supply, the possibility that households can evade labor income taxes. We show that the relationship between tax-enforcement policies, the elasticity of substitution between consumption and leisure and the elasticity of substitution between formal and informal work is key to explain formal labor supply in major OECD countries. In a model without informal work, there is a positive relationship between the elasticity of substitution and the tax rate on formal income and people tend to work more. This is the case for the United States, Greece, Finland and the United Kingdom. This relationship becomes negative once informal activities are introduced and the model can explain formal labor supply better in countries where agents work relative less, i.e., in Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Spain, Norway and Sweden. We also obtain estimates of hours worked in the informal sector for these countries.  相似文献   
260.
    
Using a standard overlapping generations monetary production economy, faced with endogenously determined tax evasion by heterogeneous agents in the economy, we provide a theoretical model that indicates that both a lower (higher) level of financial development and a higher (lower) level of inflation leads to a bigger (smaller) shadow economy. These findings are empirically tested within a panel econometric framework, using data collected for 150 countries over the period 1980–2009 to enable a broad generalisation of the results. The results support the developed theoretical model, even after having accounted for the differences in the levels of economic development, the level of institutional quality that includes different tax regimes and regulatory frameworks, central bank participation in the economy as well as different macroeconomic policies.  相似文献   
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