论旅游产业集群的系统架构

在旅游产业集群研究过程中，首先需要解决的问题是搭建旅游产业集群的系统架构。一般来说，旅游产业集群包括3个层次：宏观旅游产业集群、中观旅游产业集群和微观旅游产业集群。无论哪个层面的旅游产业集群都以旅游资源为经营核心，以旅游企业为经营依托。旅游产业集群有4种网络结构：区域关系网络、产业关系网络、市场关系网络和社会关系网络。此外，旅游产业集群还包括协作型和竞争型2种市场结构。正是层次结构、网络结构和市场结构，才形成了旅游产业集群的系统架构。     

网络经济条件下的产品内分工与模块化生产

产品内分工、模块化生产是与网络经济紧密联系在一起的，生产和供应过程不同工序、区段和环节在不同的空间完成，然后在同一个地方形成最终产品，这样的生产方式实际上就是网络经济条件下一种典型的生产方式，因而必须遵循网络经济条件下的规则，并且其本身也具有一定的规律性。本文就网络经济条件下产品内分工的根源、模块化生产的特征及作用进行了探讨，旨在加深对分工问题的认识以及获得解决一些现实经济问题的启示。     

公开市场业务与货币政策有效性——1997后中国货币政策传导梗阻的症结探析

1997年后我国一直实施“积极的”货币政策 ,但货币政策在传导过程中出现了梗阻 ,所起的作用远不尽如人意。公开市场业务是中央银行最重要的一个间接货币政策工具 ,作为公开市场业务主体的国债市场是央行公开市场操作的基本依托。我国国债市场在规模、流动性等方面发展滞后 ,仍是一个不成熟、不发达的市场 ,这使我国货币政策传导产生梗阻 ,严重抑制了货币政策效应的发挥     

论传统企业与电子商务

互联网技术的不断发展给全球经济带来新的革命，同时了改变了整个商业社会的竞争格局，使传统企业面临着新的机遇和挑战，利用INTERNET开展电子商务，企业可以拥有更广阔的市场和更优势的发展渠道。     

高职院校发展:定位、效能和改革

抓住机遇,发展高职教育,是国家和当地经济建设发展的需要,是完善我国教育结构的需要。高职院校的发展主要把握三点:办学定位要突出特色;内部管理要精简、效能;思维观念要改革创新。     

Towards an operational sustainability criterion

This paper examines the concept of sustainability and its implications for environmental policy analysis. It builds on the premise that present society holds a moral obligation to pass on a world of undiminished life opportunities to members of future generations. Maintaining life opportunities, in turn, can be achieved by maintaining or improving a diverse set of resources and capabilities that support a person's freedom to define and pursue her own conception of the good life. On an operational level, this framework points to the following guideline for environmental policy: Protecting the rights of future generations requires either the conservation of environmental resources or compensatory measures (including the provision of substitute technologies) that ensure the fair and proportionate sharing of net benefits over intergenerational time scales. In this framework, resource depletion is permissible only if (with reasonable certainty) it would generate a Pareto improvement relative to a baseline scenario involving strict resource conservation.     

Carbon Taxes and Joint Implementation. An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis for Germany and India

Germany has committed itself toreducing its carbon emissions by 25 percent in2005 as compared to 1990 emission levels. Toachieve this goal, the government has recentlylaunched an environmental tax reform whichentails a continuous increase in energy taxesin conjunction with a revenue-neutral cut innon-wage labor costs. This policy is supposedto yield a double dividend, reducing both, theproblem of global warming and high unemploymentrates. In addition to domestic actions,international treaties on climate protectionallow for the supplementary use of flexibleinstruments to exploit cheaper emissionreduction possibilities elsewhere. One concreteoption for Germany would be to enter jointimplementation (JI) with developing countriessuch as India where Germany pays emissionreduction abroad rather than meeting itsreduction target solely by domestic action. Inthis paper, we investigate whether anenvironmental tax reform cum JI providesemployment and overall efficiency gains ascompared to an environmental tax reformstand-alone. We address this question in theframework of a large-scale general equilibriummodel for Germany and India where Germany mayundertake JI with the Indian electricitysector. Our main finding is that JI offsetslargely the adverse effects of carbon emissionconstraints on the German economy. JIsignificantly lowers the level of carbon taxesand thus reduces the total costs of abatementas well as negative effects on labor demand. Inaddition, JI triggers direct investment demandfor energy efficient power plants produced inGermany. This provides positive employmenteffects and additional income for Germany. ForIndia, joint implementation equips itselectricity industry with scarce capital goodsleading to a more efficient power productionwith lower electricity prices for the economyand substantial welfare gains.     

The xistence of definitional economics--Stigler's and Leibenstein's war of the words

The inability to agree on definitions ultimately can condemneconomic analysis and debate to fruitless argumentation. Thesharp interchange between Stigler and Leibenstein did littleto clarify the issues surrounding the controversial theory ofX-efficiency. Given their conflicting agendas, discussion betweenthese two opponents consisted largely of talking at cross purposes.This paper examines the motivations of the two protagonistsas well as considering the impact such tactics have on economicdebate and discussion.     

Economic liberalization and welfare in a model with an informal sector

The paper reexamines the conventional results relating to inflow of foreign capital, removal of protectionism and structural reform programmes, in a small open economy in terms of a two-sector general equilibrium model with an informal sector. The paper shows that in the presence of labour market distortion and a protectionist policy, inflow of foreign capital may be desirable irrespective of the pattern of trade of the economy due to its favourable impact on welfare. But the welfare implications of tariff reductions and/or structural adjustment programmes, such as deregulating the formal sector labour market, depend crucially on the economy's trade pattern. The paper provides an answer to the question as to whether in a developing economy labour market reform and tariff reform should go hand-in-hand or whether one should precede the other for welfare improvement.
JEL classification: F10, F13, F21, O17.     

Intertemporal Equity and Efficient Allocation of Resources

Competitive paths which are efficient are shown to satisfy a terminal cost minimization condition, thereby providing a continuous-time counterpart to the discrete-time result due to Malinvaud. Using this result, competitive paths which are equitable and efficient are shown to satisfy Hartwick's investment rule, which states that the value of net investment is zero at each date. Our result indicates that Hartwick's rule can help to signal inefficiency of competitive equitable paths. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C61, D90, O41.