A COMPARISON OF THE ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY AND QUICK RESPONSE INVENTORY REPLENISHMENT METHODS

When determining order quantity, logistics managers can choose between ordering the Economic Order quantity (EOQ) or a Quick Response (QR) quantity. QR is a general term that collectively describes several rapid‐replenishment inventory methods such as Just‐In‐Time or Continuous Replenishment. The QR order quantity is defined as the minimum inventory needed to support operations until the next delivery. The EOQ and the QR methods are substantially different because the EOQ minimizes the joint cost of ordering and holding inventory whereas the QR method minimizes only the cost of holding inventory. The goals of this research are to compare the costs of the two methods and to propose rules that help managers select the more appropriate method to use in specific situations.     

日本的企业改革与终身雇佣制的新动向

终身雇佣制曾经作为日本型企业管理模式的主要特征之一,备受赞赏。但近年来对于这一雇佣制度的评价出现逆转,终身雇佣制过时论盛行。从理论上讲,终身雇佣制是支撑日本企业竞争能力的一个重要因素,日本企业不会简单抛弃;从日本企业改革的实践来看,许多企业开始减少固定工的数量,但企业对于主要的技术人员、管理人员和技术工人仍然坚持适用终身雇佣制度。日本企业正在通过改革增加雇佣制度的柔软性和灵活性,但是终身雇佣这一适合日本社会的雇佣制度仍然具有强大生命力。     

上市公司契约安排与融资顺序选择

本文从契约安排的角度研究了我国上市公司的融资顺序选择问题,发现上市公司现有的融资顺序安排并非只受信息不对称和融资成本高低的影响,上市公司所面对的一系列特有的契约安排是形成上市公司现有融资顺序的内在原因。     

Customer service strategy options: A multiple case study in a B2B setting

This study addresses the question whether customer service actually has order winning potential in B2B situations, which customer service strategies are deployed, and what determines customer service relevance. A literature review was followed by a multiple case study, using 12 organizations from different industries and from different positions in supply chains. Based on having both problem solving and transfer characteristics, four customer service strategy options are identified: customer integration, customer adaptation, logistical precision, and standard customer service. Many organizations are positioned in the least attractive customer service strategy option: customer adaptation. Partially, this is caused by difficulties in assessing the customer service capability and the customer's sensitivity for customer service. The article concludes with the theoretical and managerial implications.     

Order flow and exchange rate dynamics in electronic brokerage system data

We analyze the association between order flow and exchange rates using a new dataset representing a majority of global interdealer transactions in the two most-traded currency pairs at the one minute frequency over a six-year time period. This long span of high-frequency data allows us to gain new insights about the joint behavior of these series. We first confirm the presence of a substantial association between interdealer order flow and exchange rate returns at horizons ranging from 1 min to two weeks, but find that the association is substantially weaker at longer horizons. We study the time-variation of the association between exchange rate returns and order flow both intradaily and over the long term, and show that the relationship appears to be stronger when market liquidity is lower. Overall, our study supports the view that liquidity effects play an important role in the relationship between order flow and exchange rate changes. This by no means rules out a role for order flow as a channel by which fundamental information is transmitted to the market, as we show that our findings are quite consistent with a recent model by Bacchetta and Van Wincoop (2006: Can information heterogeneity explain the exchange rate determination puzzle? American Economic Review, 96, pp. 552–576.) that combines both liquidity and information effects.     

Lagged order flows and returns: A longer-term perspective

In this paper, we consider the large-sample relation between returns and lagged order flows over horizons of up to 2 months. The analysis is motivated by work in market microstructure which suggests that the effects of inventory control on stock returns should be discernible over horizons longer than those considered in the literature. We begin our analysis by developing a simple model of inventory effects in the presence of public information. Using mid-quote return data, we then find some evidence of return predictability using order flows, even after controlling for lagged returns, which is consistent with our theoretical setting. The relation is present only for negative imbalances and is stronger in large firms rather than small ones. Overall, the analysis is consistent with the notion that inventory control effects span several weeks.     

上市公司融资方式选择的偏好顺序分析——来自四川的经验数据

论文以2006-2010年四川省53家上市公司为样本,对其融资方式选择的偏好顺序及影响因素进行实证分析。研究结果与融资优序理论相悖,四川上市公司的融资偏好顺序依次为短期债务融资、股权融资、长期债务融资、内部融资。其中,短期偿债能力、长期偿债能力、资产营运能力、资产盈利能办、市场竞争能力、股利支付能力在不同程度上分别影响上市公司的内部融资度、债务融资度和股权融资度。     

Order preferencing, adverse-selection costs, and the probability of information-based trading

Although prior studies offer various conjectures on the causes and consequences of order preferencing, there is only limited empirical evidence. In this study, we show that the extent of order preferencing is significantly and negatively related to both the adverse-selection component of the spread and the probability of information-based trading. This result is consistent with the prediction of the clientele-pricing hypothesis that dealers (brokers) selectively purchase (internalize) orders based on information content. Our results suggest that order preferencing may not be as harmful as some researchers have suggested and offer some rationale for its prevalence in securities markets with heterogeneously informed traders. JEL Classification G18 · G19     

完善人民币汇率形成机制的改革措施:机理与次序

当前研究未能说明汇率制度改革措施作用于汇率形成机制的机理,也就不能确定各种改革安排的合理次序。有鉴于此,本文首先利用随机存货理论,依据结售汇制的微观市场安排,建立了我国外汇交易市场的有效外汇需求函数。之后,结合外汇供给方面建立了分析人民币汇率形成机制的理论框架。最后据此框架,我们论证了各种改革措施对人民币汇率形成机制和稳定机制的影响,并根据其影响提出了改革安排的具体次序。     

Cournot model of brokered FX trading

This paper develops a Cournot model of rival dealers placing limit orders with a broker, who in turn makes a market by acting as a liaison between dealers. The broker's limit-book lists the various prices and quantities at which dealers are willing to exchange currency vis-à-vis electronic broking. The size and volatility of the inside spread is simulated relative to dealer entry–exit and the price elasticity of linear order arrival functions. Our simulations reveal non-linear price dynamics from dealer participation in market development, with an additional rival narrowing the inside spread by 1.82% while diminishing its volatility. These findings may shed some light on the “excess volatility puzzle” raised by Killeen, Lyons and Moore (forthcoming) as to why price behavior under flexible exchange rate regimes is significantly more volatile than macro fundamentals would suggest.