法秩序统一视角下虚开案件行刑认定冲突与协调

虚开案件的违法行为以虚开行为和非法抵扣行为为核心,受税法和刑法的共同规制。实践中一些虚开案件在刑事司法中因抵扣行为未使国家税款受损不构成犯罪,而在行政执法中被认定为偷税,引发行刑认定冲突。税收违法行为的共通本质在于对法益的侵害,法益是虚开案件行刑认定的联结纽带。偷税罚和虚开增值税专用发票罪均以保护国家税款利益为共同法益,只是刑法在逃税罪之外,对利用虚开增值税专用发票造成国家税款损失的违法手段作特殊评价,而税法包含在偷税罚中。虚开增值税专用发票罪与偷税罚具有相同的构成要件要素,均可涵摄非法抵扣行为和国家税款损失结果。因此,两法域对非法抵扣行为造成的国家增值税款损失的认定应保持一致,综合增值税全链条作实质判断,禁止形式推定,从而区分“脱税罚”和“秩序罚”,以实现过罚相当。     

超越比例原则： 同态报应量刑原则的法理根基与实践意义

德国公法中的比例原则并不是刑罚的内在道德原则,而是外在于罪刑均衡的补充性政治原则。在预防性刑法时代,单凭比例原则无法对预防刑的扩张风险形成有效约束,而带有形而上学色彩的“点”或“幅”量刑限制理论都不具有现实可操作性。回归同态报应原则是捍卫古典罪刑均衡理念、防止重刑化趋势的可操作方案,实质是从“量”的思维转向“质”的思维。以同态报应作为量刑原则,不需要预设不合理的刑罚证成理论,也不必然导致不人道或无法操作的刑罚方式。同态报应的本质是罪犯角色的转换,将罪犯从试图脱离法秩序的优势地位转为受到法律强制力约束的弱势地位,从而否定罪犯的不法宣称,恢复法秩序的公信力。根据同态报应原则,社区矫正可以被视作一种具有普遍意义的典型刑罚,而不仅仅是对监禁刑的边缘补充。     

闪电指令之争及思考

本文介绍了闪电指令及与之相关的暗池与高频交易,以及交易技术创新对证券市场的巨大影响,并扼要讨论了闪电交易对市场交易的利弊以及由此而引发的争议。本文从交易信息获取的公平性、证券市场的价格发现机制、交易指令成交的最优执行以及交易信息泄露四个方面,对闪电指令交易对证券市场公平与效率的影响进行了分析和评价。关于闪电指令的争议对我国证券市场的启示,本文指出,国内证券市场在近期不会出现闪电交易之类的交易方式,但是我们不应忽视对此问题的研究,应当根据我国资本市场的特点在风险可测、可控、可承受的前提下积极推进场内市场的创新。     

Preannouncing pioneering versus follower products: what should the message be?

Despite the high practical relevance, prior research does not provide a clear picture whether the effectiveness of new product preannouncements is contingent upon order of entry and whether the message content of preannouncements for pioneering products should be different from those for followers. Drawing on diffusion research, the authors examine how preannouncements that focus on risk reduction and the product’s relative advantage influence the relationship between preannouncement intensity and new product success, taking into account order of entry. A cross-industry study investigating 151 new product launches shows that for pioneers, a message focus aimed at reducing perceived product risk positively influences preannouncement effectiveness. Furthermore, a relative advantage focus negatively affects preannouncement effectiveness and thus is rather counterproductive for pioneers. With regard to early followers, results indicate a positive influence of a risk reduction focus on preannouncement effectiveness. A relative advantage focus, however, is only effective if the product category is already established when the early follower product is launched. Finally, for late followers, only preannouncements which strongly emphasize the relative product advantage lead to a positive effect of preannouncements on new product success.

Distributions characterized through conditional expectations

Using conditional expectations, we present results that lead to the characterization of several distributions. Both absolutely continuous random variables and discrete random variables are considered. In the case of absolutely continuous random variables, the results lead to the characterization of a family of distributions while in the case of discrete random variables, the distribution is almost uniquely determined under the stated conditions.     

A GUIDED TOUR OF THE MARKET MICROSTRUCTURE APPROACH TO EXCHANGE RATE DETERMINATION

Abstract.  We propose a critical review of recent developments in exchange rate economics which have offered a novel approach to exchange rate determination. This new strand of research, the market microstructure approach to exchange rates, is motivated by some very stark empirical evidence, relating exchange rate dynamics to the imbalance in the sequence of purchases and sales of foreign currencies in the markets for foreign exchange. Through our review we outline the results this new strand of research has achieved alongside its open questions and future challenges.     

The dynamic nature of survival determinants in e-commerce

The dynamic effects of survival determinants in e-commerce are tested using longitudinal data on 460 e-tailers. This is achieved through the incorporation of both time-varying covariates and coefficients in a discrete hazard rate model. The model includes elements of competitive strategy, industry structure, firm and product characteristics, and the macro environment. The study demonstrates the changing effect over time of factors affecting survival. For example, order of entry advantages are observed, but they are short-lived. This finding shows that e-tailers cannot rely on early entry as a strategic move in the long run. E-tailers with more media presence seem to survive longer. Being publicly traded and selling products with digital characteristics present advantages for e-tailers only in the beginning years, but they are not sustainable over long time periods. Survival chances decrease with higher competitive density, market growth rate, and equity market level at the time of entry. Conversely, economic growth tends to increase survival chances. The study also finds an inverted-U relationship between the hazard of exit and firm age. The conclusion section discusses the implications of the time-varying nature of survival determinants.     

A supply chain as a series of filters or amplifiers of the bullwhip effect

The bullwhip effect refers to the phenomenon of amplification and distortion of demand in a supply chain. By eliminating or controlling this effect, it is possible to increase product profitability reducing useless costs such as stock-out and obsolescence costs. The main focus of this work is to study a single-product serial supply chain in which a control parameter can switch the chain from a series of filters to a series of amplifiers of the bullwhip effect and to analyse how the optimal values of the parameters change when discontinuities in order policy are considered. Furthermore, it is also shown that the bullwhip itself it is not a good index of the chain's performance, because it does not consider the oscillations that occur in the inventories, which also may affect the supply-chain performance.     

机械装配图中零件序号和明细栏标填的标准化

介绍了一种在机械装配图中零件序号的标注和明细栏填写的新方法。该方法可把标准件和非标准件分开，有利于零件的汇总、统计和分类，也有利于技术管理和生产管理。建议把该方法标准化。     

论会计目标的层次性

在“决策有用观”会计目标的指导下,美国财务会计准则委员会制定的财务会计准则离财务会计工作的固有规律越来越远,导致财务造假事件越来越严重,会计的真实性原则(客观性)受到严重挑战,第七号概念框架的颁布使这一现象走到了极端。之所以会出现如此结果,是因为美国财务会计准则委员会以偏概全,依个别代表整体做法的必然结果。文章从会计的本质出发,指出:会计目标应该是分层次性的,“决策有用观”只是在特定经济环境下使用会计信息子系统的目标,它不能代表整个会计信息系统的目标,整个会计信息系统的总目标应该是“四观合一”的目标体系。