Pure eclecticism—The tool kit of the constitutional economist

It is claimed here that the epistemics of constitutional economics has hitherto at best played a minor role but that dwelling on the epistemics might prove useful to understand why the positive branch of constitutional economics is not as far advanced as its normative counterpart. Four possible methods-namely comparative institutional analysis, economic history, conjectural history, and laboratory experiments-are analyzed with regard to their epistemic potential. It is hypothesized that conjectural history promises only little potential while the other three methods can be used to complement each other.     

Beyond the Life Cycle: Organizational and Technological Design. I. An Alternative Perspective

The life cycle model has become part of the everyday vocabulary of management and is used as a rough simplification of rather complex phenomena. Chris DeBresson and Joseph Lampel have undertaken a thorough re-examination of the underlying assumptions of the model and propose a reformulation that they believe gives a better approximation of the dynamics of technological and organizational change. The basis for their reformulation is a survey of 4000 British and Canadian innovations in many industries over some 30 years.
In a companion article immediately following this one, the authors illustrate their reformulation by a detailed analysis of one firm in one industry.     

银行业市净率问题研究——兼论国有商业银行股权转让价格问题

近一个时期,中国银行业改革出现重大突破,以交通银行和建设银行为代表的中国银行业掀起了一轮引进战略投资者和境外上市的高潮。本文以市净率这一价格指标为切入点,对境外银行业股权转让价格的一般规律进行了研究,并在此基础上对交通银行和建设银行引进战略投资者和上市的价格进行分析。     

城镇污水处理BIOLAK工艺提标工程技术措施

文章以安丘市污水处理厂BIOLAK工艺提标工程为例,针对BIOLAK工艺的特点和存在的问题做了系统改进,提出了适合城镇污水处理厂BIOLAK工艺一级B标准稳定达标的改造技术措施。介绍了改造工艺流程和各处理单元的设计参数。运行结果表明,该工艺处理效果良好,出水水质达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)的一级B标准。     

Prasugrel vs clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis for Germany,Sweden, the Netherlands,and Turkey

Abstract

Objective:

To evaluate the long-term cost-effectiveness of 12-months treatment with prasugrel vs clopidogrel from four European healthcare systems’ perspectives (Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Turkey).

Methods:

In the TRITON-TIMI 38 trial, patients with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were treated with prasugrel or clopidogrel. Prasugrel reduced the composite end-point (cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke), but increased TIMI major bleeding. A Markov model was constructed to facilitate a lifetime horizon for the analysis. A series of risk equations constructed using individual patient data from TRITON-TIMI 38 was used to estimate risks of clinical events. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were derived by weighting survival time by estimates of health-related quality-of-life. Incremental cost-effectiveness is presented based on differences in treatments’ mean costs and QALYs for the licensed population in TRITON-TIMI 38, and the sub-groups of UA-NSTEMI, STEMI, diabetes, and the ‘core clinical cohort’ (<75 years, ≥60?kg, no history of stroke or TIA).

Results:

Mean cost of study drug was €364 (Turkey) to €818 (Germany) higher for prasugrel vs clopidogrel. Rehospitalization costs at 12 months were lower for prasugrel due to reduced rates of revascularization, although hospitalization costs beyond 12 months were higher due to longer life expectancy associated with lower rates of non-fatal MI in the prasugrel group. The incremental cost per QALY saved with prasugrel in the licensed population ranged from €6520 (for Sweden) to €14,350 for (Germany). Prasugrel’s cost per QALY was more favourable still in the STEMI and diabetes sub-groups of the licensed population.

Limitations:

Probabilistic analyses of the whole trial population is impractical due to the number of individual patient profiles over which population level results are calculated.

Conclusion:

Among patients undergoing PCI for ACS, treatment with prasugrel compared with clopidogrel resulted in favourable cost-effectiveness profiles from these healthcare systems’ perspectives.     

The effect of customer perceived value on B ＆ R loyalty model --An empirical study on China＇s commercial banks

Under the economic globalization trend and new domestic and international competitive environment, how to develop and upgrade the comprehensive strength and international competence, and how to promote marketization and internationalization have becomes the very focuses of China＇s commercial banks. Since the 1990s, the marketing paradigm of customer-orientation has replaced the product-orientation, therefore, perceived value, the variable from consumer＇s perception, begins to draw academic and financial fields＇ attention. However, few studies tended to analyze the relationship between perceived value, word-of-mouth communication intention, and satisfaction. Also, no study combined customer perceived value with the loyalty model of B ＆ R, thus the authors make a new attempt in this regard, and hope that the conclusion will provide useful reference for financial activities.     

The effect of market segmentation on stock prices: The China syndrome

China has an A-share market that is open only to local investors and a B-share market that is open only to foreign investors. Contrary to what has been observed in other markets with a similar segmented structure, the China B shares trade at a discount relative to the A shares. We show that the phenomenon can still be explained by basic economic principles. Specifically, the existence of the H-share and the “red-chip” markets in Hong Kong provide good substitutes for the B-share market. We find that when more H shares and red chips are listed in Hong Kong, the B-share discount becomes larger. This is consistent with the model of differential demand elasticity proposed by Stulz and Wasserfallen (Stulz, R., Wasserfallen, W., 1995. Review of Financial Studies 8, 1019–1057).     

Contextual influences on subjective price perceptions

This article explores the effect of contextual or situational influences on buyer's price judgements. After reviewing relevant literature on contextual influences, the article reports on two experiments investigating the effects of use or purpose of a purchase and previous exposure to a set of prices on subsequent price judgements.In the first experiment, the hypothesis that the number of judgmental categories will vary with the length of price series was not confirmed. Subjects did not differ in their judgement of the lowest acceptable prices, but a higher latitude of acceptance occurred for the long price series—an assimilation effect. The second experiment confirmed the hypothesis that the intended use or purpose of the purchase affects how individuals evaluate prices for the product. The context of intended use offers an additional reason why higher prices can be attractive to some buyers.The two experiments were conducted on 104 male and 32 female undergraduate business majors. In the first experiment subjects sorted, arranged, and categorized a set of 50 prices for pants. Immediately following this task, the second experiment asked the subjects to rate the relative expensiveness of five experimenter-determined prices. In the first experiment prices either ranged from $1.00 to $25.50 or $1.00 to $50.00. In the second experiment, each split-half was given either five low prices or five high prices. Finally, each sample quarter was divided and asked to assume a different reason for buying the pants.     

阿维菌素结晶工艺中的杂质分析

目的考察不同结晶溶剂对杂质的去除效果.方法冷却结晶方法.结果考察了阿维菌素粗粉在甲醇、乙醇、正丁醇和丙酮中的重结晶,甲醇和正丁醇对杂质的去除效果更好;乙醇与丙酮结晶效果相当,但对杂质去除的选择性不同,丙酮对B2a和A2b的去除更好一些,而乙醇对A2a、B1b、alb和ala的去除效果更好.     

B/S模式中的数据库访问技术及其比较

介绍了Browser／Server模式中CGI、XXAPI、JDBC、ASP等几种主要的Web服务器与数据库连接的接口技术以及常见的套装软件系统，阐述了它们的实现方法和各自的优缺点。