Broadening the picture: Negotiating payment schemes for water-related environmental services in the Netherlands

This paper explores how the development of payment schemes for water-related environmental services can be understood and supported. Currently, the development of such payment schemes is perceived mainly through theoretical lenses offered by economists and hydrologists. Notwithstanding the usefulness and appropriateness of these theoretical lenses, they have difficulties to accommodate certain aspects of the development of payment schemes for water-related environmental services. Specifically, the discussion of negotiation aspects remains relatively isolated and superficial, even though it is generally acknowledged that the development of payment schemes is often significantly influenced by political negotiations. This paper addresses this limitation. It shows how the main elements of negotiation analysis can provide a theoretical underpinning for important drivers behind the development of specific payment schemes, which are beyond the scope of hydrological or economic rationality. Four cases of water-related payment schemes in the Netherlands are studied, employing one of the key insights offered by negotiation analysis: the importance of the underlying interests and values of the parties involved. The findings of these four cases show the potential of negotiation analysis as a useful complement for understanding and supporting the development of payment schemes for environmental services.     

长期失业人员求职意向的研究——基于公共就业服务角度的分析

本文以长期失业人员的求职意向为主题进行调查研究,并对构建的理论模型进行实证检验,从公共就业服务视角努力寻求鼓励与促进长期失业人员就业与再就业的有效措施。本文针对公共就业服务现状及鼓励长期失业人员就业与再就业的现实性和有效性的需求,提出具有可行性的就业与再就业促进措施及改善建议。     

Paying for ecological services in Ecuador: The political economy of structural inequality

Paying Indigenous communities to conserve land for carbon sequestration is a controversial way of tackling climate change. Critics argue that paying for ecological services (or ‘PES’) in the form of carbon offset programmes reduces land and social relations to an economic transaction that devalues Indigenous livelihoods and communities. At the same time, empirical studies have shown that Indigenous communities have accepted and even embraced the idea of being paid to conserve land for climate change mitigation. This paper explores this apparent contradiction by investigating the implementation of Programa Socio Bosque (PSB), a PES carbon sequestration programme in Ecuador. Drawing upon primary fieldwork in the highland province of Chimborazo, it makes the case that PES programmes need to be understood as form of state power that reconfigures and reinforces the ways in which Indigenous peoples engage with the state. Particularly important in this regard is the role of the state in reinforcing the agrarian conditions under which Indigenous communities use and interpret PES payments while at the same time reconfiguring new forms of land conservation. Empirically, the research reveals important complementarities between the goals of carbon sequestration PES programmes and Indigenous land-use practices. Methodologically, it highlights the importance of situating the study of PES programmes in a context of land struggles, community–state relations and agrarian change.     

A portfolio analysis of incentive programmes for conservation,restoration and timber plantations in Southern Ecuador

This paper uses portfolio analysis to study how the Ecuadorian incentive programme for forest conservation and restoration (Socio Bosque), and an incentive programme for timber plantations, may reduce income risk and/or maximise returns for a given level of risk for farmers in the municipality of Loja. The main existing land use in the research area is milk production on pasture, with some farmers having forest land. Our results suggest that most farmers would significantly increase the area under conservation and/or restoration as part of their risk reduction strategies, compared to a decision based solely on expected returns. However, in land use allocations that maximise the return per unit of risk, a small group of milk producers without forest would continue milk production on most of their land. In addition, milk producers with forest would significantly decrease deforestation under the land use allocations made when conservation incentives are available. Against this we also identify a likely shift of milk production from existing pasture to new pasture established on deforested land, which provides evidence of a potential ‘leakage effect’. In addition, the incentive programmes would only lead to small areas of tree plantations being established. None of the land use combinations (portfolios) analysed would increase the income of all households to above the poverty line, as the monetary incentives are too low and many farms are too small. For forest holders all the land use combinations we studied would have a positive impact on income, but we observed a negative impact on household income for milk producers without forest. For producers without any forest, there seems to be a trade-off between maximising household income and risk reduction through combining incentives for restoration and tree plantations.     

基于PES模型的区域生态补偿额度的测算研究——以江苏省为例

本文以县域作为研究单元,基于生态系统服务价值构建生态经济一体化的生态补偿(PES)模型,并对江苏省2010~2012年区域生态补偿额度进行测算研究。结果表明:江苏省区域生态、经济差异比较明显,苏南、苏中、苏北三大区域的经济发展水平依次降低,而生态系统服务价值依次升高;生态补偿额度的区域差异也比较明显,需支付生态补偿的主要位于苏南、苏中地区,其中南京市区生态补偿额度为-416亿元,常州市区、无锡市区、江阴市等五个区域生态补偿额度为-252~-101亿元,扬州市区、徐州市区等16个区域生态补偿额度为-101~-5亿元;而盐城市区、仪征市等20个区域的生态补偿额度为2~44亿元,苏北大部分地区生态补偿额度为48~91亿元。     

How to achieve fairness in payments for ecosystem services? Insights from agrobiodiversity conservation auctions

This paper provides insights into the multiple dimensions of fairness in payments for ecosystem services (PES) using the results of pilot agrobiodiversity conservation auctions. In two sites in the Bolivian and Peruvian Andes farming groups bid for payments for the conservation of traditional crop varieties. We assess different payment rules relating to how to allocate payments among groups subject to a fixed conservation budget. The discriminatory, uniform and conditional payment rules tested in these case studies incorporate alternative principles of fairness, while resulting in varying conservation and distributional outcomes. The latter are measured in terms of the distributional equality of payments among farmers and groups, and the distributional effects of payments on different types of groups. Findings indicate that conservation and distributional outcomes are highly sensitive to the payment rule chosen and vary across study sites. There may be contexts where cost-effectiveness does not need to be traded-off against fairness. Yet given the number of competing fairness considerations, achieving PES outcomes that are perceived as fair is very challenging.     

油井生产实时分析优化专家系统PES的研发及应用

本文介绍了《油井生产实时分析优化专家系统PES》研发的技术背景、技术目标、系统结构、主要功能、应用情况以及未来发展方向。PES是对整合各种新技术服务于油井生产总体目标的思考与实践的产物。由于对油井生产中所涉及到的自动化技术、计算机技术、网络技术、系统工程方法以及油气田开发技术进行了系统性的整合,PES具备了油井生产数据实时采集、数据管理、生产动态预测、实时工程分析、故障诊断、远程计量、系统效率及损耗分析、生产参数实时优化设计、措施方案发布、智能控制等功能。目前,现场应用总井数已达3000口以上。     

京津冀大气治理生态补偿支付原则研究

生态补偿是跨界大气污染治理的重要政策工具。迄今为止,京津冀大气治理生态补偿机制仍未出台,严重制约着京津冀生态环保协同发展做深做实,创新思维方式、构建非传统领域生态补偿理论体系是当务之急。厘清了传统生态补偿认识误区,创新性地提出了生态补偿支付原则统一框架,将"污染者付费原则"(PPP)和"受益者付费原则"(BPP)统一在"改变者付费原则"(CPP)分析框架中,为京津冀大气治理生态补偿机制设计提供了思想前提和理论基础;通过构建京津冀大气治理CGE模型具体测算了特定大气质量控制目标下河北应获得的生态补偿额。这对于加快补齐京津冀生态文明建设制度短板、有效弥补河北大气治理资金需要、强化京津冀生态环境联建联防联治具有重要意义,对于全国和其他重点区域大气治理具有普遍启示意义。     

生态环境服务付费的国际经验及其对中国的启示

生态环境服务付费在国际上引起关注的三个背景是:(1)生态问题的凸显;(2)新古典经济学意识形态的流行;(3)保护环境和减少贫困一石两鸟的期望。与生态环境服务付费理念相似的概念,在我国一般被称为生态补偿。生态补偿在我国受到重视是国情使然。这一国情与上述三个背景有共通之处,也有独特之处。这决定了生态环境服务付费的国际经验对我国生态补偿有潜在的借鉴意义,同时生态补偿又有中国特色。生态环境服务付费的国际经验对我国的主要启示是:(1)需要提高下游(环境服务需求方)的生态补偿意识;(2)公平的生态补偿机制要求考虑上游保护生态环境的机会成本;(3)权属明晰化是使生态补偿机制长久可持续的前提;(4)政府应鼓励地方创新形式多样的补偿形式;等等。     

构建我国海洋生态补偿法律机制的实然性分析

生态补偿制度在弥补市场失灵、解决外部化方面,为不同主体提供环境服务保障了现实的经济或财政刺激。这一制度在不同的适用领域均受到了广泛关注。尽管生态补偿制度并不适用于所有的环境保护领域,但在海洋环境保护的某些特殊领域的作用却是独一无二的。生态补偿制度在海洋生态环境保护中刚刚起步,且在实践中陷入了困境。海洋生态补偿在我国海洋保护的现实性与可行性究竟如何?这就需要结合我国海洋资源利用状况、海洋经济发展态势、海域使用权制度、海洋环境保护制度、减少因生态保护造成的贫困等进行全面论证,才能确立海洋生态补偿的可行性与现实性。