流域生态补偿支付意愿的影响因素分析——以湘江流域长沙段为例

以湘江流域长沙段为例,运用结构方程模型和CVM调查数据对流域生态补偿支付意愿的影响因素进行分析。研究发现,以＂外部特征＂、＂现状评价＂、＂心理特征＂取代传统研究的＂个人社会经济特征＂作为＂支付意愿＂的主要影响因素更具全面性和解释力;运用结构方程模型比传统回归模型分析更具整体建构性和优越性;居民的支付意愿不仅取决于外部条件和现实能力,也取决于居民的心理特征。     

基于PES模型的区域生态补偿额度的测算研究——以江苏省为例

本文以县域作为研究单元,基于生态系统服务价值构建生态经济一体化的生态补偿(PES)模型,并对江苏省2010~2012年区域生态补偿额度进行测算研究。结果表明:江苏省区域生态、经济差异比较明显,苏南、苏中、苏北三大区域的经济发展水平依次降低,而生态系统服务价值依次升高;生态补偿额度的区域差异也比较明显,需支付生态补偿的主要位于苏南、苏中地区,其中南京市区生态补偿额度为-416亿元,常州市区、无锡市区、江阴市等五个区域生态补偿额度为-252~-101亿元,扬州市区、徐州市区等16个区域生态补偿额度为-101~-5亿元;而盐城市区、仪征市等20个区域的生态补偿额度为2~44亿元,苏北大部分地区生态补偿额度为48~91亿元。     

长期失业人员求职意向的研究——基于公共就业服务角度的分析

本文以长期失业人员的求职意向为主题进行调查研究,并对构建的理论模型进行实证检验,从公共就业服务视角努力寻求鼓励与促进长期失业人员就业与再就业的有效措施。本文针对公共就业服务现状及鼓励长期失业人员就业与再就业的现实性和有效性的需求,提出具有可行性的就业与再就业促进措施及改善建议。     

How to achieve fairness in payments for ecosystem services? Insights from agrobiodiversity conservation auctions

This paper provides insights into the multiple dimensions of fairness in payments for ecosystem services (PES) using the results of pilot agrobiodiversity conservation auctions. In two sites in the Bolivian and Peruvian Andes farming groups bid for payments for the conservation of traditional crop varieties. We assess different payment rules relating to how to allocate payments among groups subject to a fixed conservation budget. The discriminatory, uniform and conditional payment rules tested in these case studies incorporate alternative principles of fairness, while resulting in varying conservation and distributional outcomes. The latter are measured in terms of the distributional equality of payments among farmers and groups, and the distributional effects of payments on different types of groups. Findings indicate that conservation and distributional outcomes are highly sensitive to the payment rule chosen and vary across study sites. There may be contexts where cost-effectiveness does not need to be traded-off against fairness. Yet given the number of competing fairness considerations, achieving PES outcomes that are perceived as fair is very challenging.     

油井生产实时分析优化专家系统PES的研发及应用

本文介绍了《油井生产实时分析优化专家系统PES》研发的技术背景、技术目标、系统结构、主要功能、应用情况以及未来发展方向。PES是对整合各种新技术服务于油井生产总体目标的思考与实践的产物。由于对油井生产中所涉及到的自动化技术、计算机技术、网络技术、系统工程方法以及油气田开发技术进行了系统性的整合,PES具备了油井生产数据实时采集、数据管理、生产动态预测、实时工程分析、故障诊断、远程计量、系统效率及损耗分析、生产参数实时优化设计、措施方案发布、智能控制等功能。目前,现场应用总井数已达3000口以上。     

生态环境服务付费的国际经验及其对中国的启示

生态环境服务付费在国际上引起关注的三个背景是:(1)生态问题的凸显;(2)新古典经济学意识形态的流行;(3)保护环境和减少贫困一石两鸟的期望。与生态环境服务付费理念相似的概念,在我国一般被称为生态补偿。生态补偿在我国受到重视是国情使然。这一国情与上述三个背景有共通之处,也有独特之处。这决定了生态环境服务付费的国际经验对我国生态补偿有潜在的借鉴意义,同时生态补偿又有中国特色。生态环境服务付费的国际经验对我国的主要启示是:(1)需要提高下游(环境服务需求方)的生态补偿意识;(2)公平的生态补偿机制要求考虑上游保护生态环境的机会成本;(3)权属明晰化是使生态补偿机制长久可持续的前提;(4)政府应鼓励地方创新形式多样的补偿形式;等等。     

Asymmetric information and contract design for payments for environmental services

In contractual relationships involving payments for environmental services, conservation buyers know less than landowners know about the costs of contractual compliance. Landowners in such circumstances use their private information as a source of market power to extract informational rents from conservation agents. Reducing informational rents is an important task for buyers of environmental services who wish to maximize the services obtained from their limited budgets. Reducing informational rents also mitigates concerns about the “additionality” of PES contracts because low-cost landowners are least likely to provide different levels of services in the absence of a contract. Paying low-cost landowners less thus makes resources available for contracts with higher opportunity cost landowners, who are more likely to provide substantially different levels of services in the absence of a contract. To reduce informational rents to landowners, conservation agents can take three approaches: (1) acquire information on observable landowner attributes that are correlated with compliance costs; (2) offer landowners a menu of screening contracts; and (3) allocate contracts through procurement auctions. Each approach differs in terms of its institutional, informational and technical complexity, as well as in its ability to reduce informational rents without distorting the level of environmental services provided. No single approach dominates in all environments. Current theory and empirical work provides practitioners with insights into the relative merits of each approach. However, more theoretical work and experimentation in the laboratory and the field are necessary before definitive conclusions about the superiority of one or more of these approaches can be drawn.     

京津冀大气治理生态补偿支付原则研究

生态补偿是跨界大气污染治理的重要政策工具。迄今为止,京津冀大气治理生态补偿机制仍未出台,严重制约着京津冀生态环保协同发展做深做实,创新思维方式、构建非传统领域生态补偿理论体系是当务之急。厘清了传统生态补偿认识误区,创新性地提出了生态补偿支付原则统一框架,将"污染者付费原则"(PPP)和"受益者付费原则"(BPP)统一在"改变者付费原则"(CPP)分析框架中,为京津冀大气治理生态补偿机制设计提供了思想前提和理论基础;通过构建京津冀大气治理CGE模型具体测算了特定大气质量控制目标下河北应获得的生态补偿额。这对于加快补齐京津冀生态文明建设制度短板、有效弥补河北大气治理资金需要、强化京津冀生态环境联建联防联治具有重要意义,对于全国和其他重点区域大气治理具有普遍启示意义。