“双碳目标”下的新能源发电产业税收政策审视

我国已正式宣布二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值,努力争取2060年实现碳中和。发展以风力发电和太阳能发电为代表的新能源发电产业是实现碳达峰、碳中和目标的主要举措。为此,在对我国现行新能源发电产业的税收政策进行重新审视的基础上,可以从构建统一、长期、有效的新能源发展税收支持政策,加大对新能源制造环节的税收优惠力度,规范新能源发电相关的税收政策等方面完善我国新能源发电产业税收政策,以促进新能源发电产业健康、可持续发展。     

资本计量方法改革、商业银行风险偏好与信贷配置

为提高银行业风险管理水平与信贷配置效率,监管部门于2014年开展了资本管理高级方法的试点工作。本文基于上市银行2010至2016年的微观数据,与银监会公布的行业信贷风险进行匹配,采用双重差分和三重差分法,实证分析前述改革如何影响试点银行的风险偏好和信贷调配。研究发现,在资本管理高级方法实施后:(1)试点银行显著降低了风险加权资产的规模;(2)试点银行风险偏好的变化存在非线性的特征,在调减高风险行业贷款的同时,并未显著增加最安全行业的贷款,而是增加了风险略高行业的贷款,体现出试点银行对风险与收益的权衡;(3)进一步将行业划分为“虚”与“实”,研究发现试点银行减少了房地产业(“虚”)、制造业(“实”)和建筑业(“实”)贷款,显著增加了金融业(“虚”)贷款。本文研究不仅丰富了资本监管方面的文献,也对金融支持供给侧结构性改革具有启示意义。     

信仰的力量:东道国宗教信仰会影响中国OFDI吗？

基于2003-2015年中国对外直接投资流量数据及ARDA宗教数据,构造引力模型实证考察东道国宗教信仰多样性和东道国与中国宗教信仰相似性对中国OFDI的影响。分析结果表明,东道国宗教信仰多样性对中国OFDI有促进效应,但东道国与中国宗教信仰相似性对OFDI没有显著正影响。使用1900年宗教信仰结构匹配的宗教变量及1500年东道国与中国的遗传距离作为工具变量,纠正模型中可能存在的内生性问题后,这一结论依然存在。同时,用控制传导变量及剔除金融危机影响的方法进行稳健性测试的结果也支持这一结论。最后,在进一步的作用机制检验中初步发现,宗教信仰会通过选择偏好效应、信任间性效应和制度介导效应作用于对外直接投资。     

风险偏好视角下工程项目风险分担研究

合理的风险分担机制能够提高工程项目管理绩效,然而,目前的风险分担机制主要以“理性人”为假设,忽略了对于项目参与方风险偏好的关注。旨在建立嵌入合同双方风险偏好的风险分担决策方法,通过文献研究,构建了风险分担评价指标体系,并结合模糊集理论和TOPSIS技术,设计了风险分担定量模型。在该方法中,承包商风险偏好包含在评价指标体系中,业主风险偏好通过派生的三角模糊数予以表示。最后,通过实证案例对该方法的实用性和有效性进行了验证,研究成果为实现工程项目合理风险分担提供了理论支持。     

What is a commodity? Two axiomatic answers

Summary. We identify conditions under which preferences over subsets of a consumption world can be reduced to preferences over bundles of "commodities". We distinguish ordinal bundles, whose coordinates are defined up to monotone transformations, from cardinal bundles, whose coordinates are defined up to positive linear transformations.Received: 27 March 2002, Revised: 17 March 2003, JEL Classification Numbers: D11.I am grateful to S. Barberá, C. Chambers, K. Nehring, and O. Sprumont for stimulating conversations and useful remarks. I also thank a referee for helpful comments, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for support.     

Hyperbolic discounting and the standard model: Eliciting discount functions

Experiments on static intertemporal choice find evidence of particularly extreme impatience toward immediate rewards. While this is often taken as support for hyperbolic discounting, it could also arise because the most likely participants in experiments may be those with the most immediate need for money. We conduct a calibration exercise and find that the extreme impatience observed in experiments can be accommodated by a standard exponential discounting model with no discounting and expectation of a ‘small’ increase in the base consumption level. The calibration uses existing estimates of curvature of utility.     

Perceptions of risk among children with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Traditionally, health professionals have positioned injury prevention strategies from their own perspective with little acknowledgement or understanding of the perspective of those who experience risk taking: specific populations of children with differing approaches to risk perception and problem-solving. The present study addresses this oversight by engaging children with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to explore the meaning of risk from their perspective. Although both groups of children reported similar processes of assessing risk, unique to children with ADHD was the overestimation of their physical abilities, intentional risk taking and anticipation of positive or no consequences of their risk taking. These findings also advance our knowledge of potentially appropriate strategies to effect change in risk taking that could influence risk of injury. Specifically, findings suggest that prevention efforts that incorporate both cognitive and social interventions are the most promising approaches. Integrating this understanding of children's perception of risk builds our knowledge about the contribution of risk perception to injury events and may help to inform future injury prevention initiatives with children with ADHD.     

Experimental Strategies for Preference Information Acquisition: A Lattice Path Treatment

This paper investigates strategies for the acquisition of consumer preference information by a market researcher. Such preference information is obtained by the market researcher through an experimental process that entails polling consumers about their preference profiles with a view to completely specifying the preference order. In this paper, we limit the focus to one or two consumers.In this environment, the experiments are pairwise comparisons between resource bundles about which there is no a-priori preference information. Each such experiment can have three possible signals: one bundle is more preferred, indifferent, or less preferred over another. Choice of an experiment in the experimental sequence is important because different choices result in different average amounts of information.For the analysis the paper establishes a link between preference theory and lattice path counting. Combinatorial arguments that allow the market researcher to calculate quantities of information at the start of the information acquisition process are presented. A recursion for finding the impact of choosing different experiments on the average values of information gain is constructed. The paper studies how the experiments chosen subsequently can affect the elimination of other experiments from the experimental set and thus have an effect on the efficiency of information acquisition. The measures derived could be used by the market researcher as a benchmark with which to compare information gathering strategies.