跨期决策中的消费者自我控制行为研究

跨期决策系指做出购买决策与获得产品之间存在时间距离的一种决策类型,随着电子商务的发展,产生这种决策类型的消费情景日渐增多,使得对这一问题的消费行为学研究成为必要.本研究采用行为学实验的方法对于跨期决策中的消费者自我控制行为进行了研究,并发现当消费者作出决策的时间点与能够真实获取商品的时间点之间若存在一定时间间隔的场合,消费者会较之可以现场获取产品的场合展示出较强的自我控制行为,具体地表现为对能提供更多长期有用性但在短期内效用较低的产品的较强偏好与支付意愿.这一发现为现有的消费行为学有关理论提供了有益的支持,同时在电子商务日益发达的今天具有一定的应用价值.     

Using photo interviews to explore children's food preferences

This methodological paper elaborates on the pitfalls and potentials for using participatory photo interviews that explore children's experiences with food. It aims to show how participatory photo interviews can give a deeper understanding of children's food preferences. Such knowledge will be useful to other researchers who wish to apply the method in social studies involving children and food. We studied 12 families comprising seven‐ and eight‐year‐old children and their parents to illustrate how this method can be used to identify and understand children's food preferences. The children took photographs over a one‐week period while eating family dinners at home and grocery shopping with their parents. The photos were then used to elicit information during separate in‐depth interviews. Qualitative data analysis software (NVivo 10) was used to content analyse the data. We found that participant photo interviews were a useful method for helping children to remember and describe the sensory, cognitive and affective situational associations of their meals. This approach helped to explore interesting aspects of children's preferences such as their response to raw vegetables, the importance of controlling and choosing meal ingredients and ambivalent food preferences. We discuss parental involvement during data collection as it represents one of the methodological pitfalls. Another limitation is the risk of sensitive information to be breached. We conclude that participatory photo interviews have potential for future food research involving children and may provide information difficult to elicit using other methods.     

Dynamic analysis of British demand for tourism abroad

This paper investigates how preference endogeneity, in the form of habit persistence, can affect short-run and long-run tourism expenditure decisions. The proposed model is applied to British quarterly data over the period 1979–91 and the empirical results suggest that preference endogeneity appears to have an important effect. This has policy implications for countries competing for British tourist arrivals. The differences between the short-run and long-run price and budget elasticities which are implied by habit persistence are also investigated.     

我国环保税、费制度的现状及完善对策

当前我国的税、费制度与加强生态环境保护工作的现实需求存在着较大的差距。税制上突出表现在税种的安排、税率的设计,税收优惠的实施等方面;排污收费制度表现为征收标准偏低、征收管理不到位、缺乏激励企业治污积极性的作用等方面。为此,应针对现行税、费制度中不利于生态环境保护的方面进行调整和完善。     

公平与再分配--基于个体再分配偏好的实验研究

越来越多的经济学家利用实验经济学方法对公平和再分配问题进行了研究。这些研究基于个体再分配偏好视角展开。现有的实验结论表明,个体的再分配偏好是利他动机、自利动机以及风险保障动机综合作用的结果;社会的税收成本、效率、表决机制、收入决定机制以及个体的信念、性别等因素都会对再分配偏好产生影响。实验研究方法有助于充分了解再分配偏好的影响因素,能够为宏观层面再分配制度的设计提供微观依据。     

技术复杂度偏好与中国出口增长——基于扩展引力模型的分析

基于考虑了消费者技术复杂度偏好的垄断竞争理论模型,本文推导出包含出口国产品技术复杂度水平与进口国人均收入水平的交叉项的扩展引力模型,并以此解释中国出口爆炸式增长。与以往研究强调中国自身供给因素不同,本文从进口国消费者“技术复杂度偏好”这一需求视角重新解读中国出口增长。结论认为出口国产品技术复杂度与进口国收入水平交叉项对双边贸易量具有显著稳健的积极影响;中国出口技术复杂度提升与国外高收入消费者的技术复杂度偏好共同成就了中国出口增长。这意味着,进一步提升出口产品技术复杂度、满足国外消费者不断提升的技术复杂度偏好是实现中国出口可持续增长的可行选择。     

“双碳目标”下的新能源发电产业税收政策审视

我国已正式宣布二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值,努力争取2060年实现碳中和。发展以风力发电和太阳能发电为代表的新能源发电产业是实现碳达峰、碳中和目标的主要举措。为此,在对我国现行新能源发电产业的税收政策进行重新审视的基础上,可以从构建统一、长期、有效的新能源发展税收支持政策,加大对新能源制造环节的税收优惠力度,规范新能源发电相关的税收政策等方面完善我国新能源发电产业税收政策,以促进新能源发电产业健康、可持续发展。     

Weighted representative democracy

We propose a new system of democratic representation. Any voter can choose any legislator as her representative; thus, different legislators can represent different numbers of voters. Decisions in the legislature are made by weighted majority voting, where the weight of each legislator is determined by the number of voters she represents. We show that, if the size of the electorate is very large, then with very high probability, the decisions obtained in the legislature agree with those which would have been reached by a popular referendum decided by simple majority vote.     

Randomly evolving tastes and delayed commitment

We consider a decision maker with randomly evolving tastes who faces dynamic decision situations that involve intertemporal tradeoffs, such as those in consumption savings problems. We axiomatize a recursive representation of choice that features uncertain consumption utilities, which evolve according to a subjective Markov process. The parameters of the representation, which are the subjective Markov process governing the evolution of utilities, and the discount factor, are uniquely identified from behavior. We relate the correlation of tastes over time and the desire to delay commitment to future consumption.     

The Willingness to Sell Personal Data

We assess the willingness of individuals to sell personal data in laboratory experiments. Our experiments are novel in that they are incentivized, the focus on privacy issues is salient, and the use of the data is transparent and unambiguous. We find considerable heterogeneity in the data. Roughly one in six participants refuse to sell personal data at all and a similar fraction sell their data for 2.50 euros or less. Our results contrast with those from hypothetical questionnaires. Those willing to sell, request, on average, 15 euros for their contact details and 19 euros for their Facebook data.