区域服务贸易安排“特惠实质”的政治经济分析

区域服务贸易安排的不断蔓延标志着世界服务贸易的管理模式正在发生变化。本文基于与多边服务贸易自由化安排相对照的视角,对区域服务贸易安排提供的特惠待遇内容及实质展开政治经济分析。研究结果显示,由于区域服务贸易安排内涵着重要的"特惠侵蚀"机制:一是引入"非成员最惠国待遇条款",二是设立相对自由的服务原产地规则,实际付诸实施的区域服务贸易"特惠待遇"远不如根据协定文本测算得那么显著。从"服务"的特殊属性出发,本文指出有一系列的政治经济因素会促使区域服务贸易安排具有更强的将特惠承诺向区外扩展适用的潜在动力。区域服务贸易"特惠待遇"在本质上具有"渗漏性"这点会有助于推进多边服务贸易自由化进程。     

不同激励偏好下创新奖励对研发人员创新行为的影响 ——自我决定与特质激活理论整合视角

基于自我决定理论与特质激活理论整合观点,构建以激励偏好为调节变量、创新自我效能感为中介变量的研究框架,探讨创新奖励对创新行为的影响机制及边界条件。研究表明：创新奖励对创新行为有显著正向影响,创新自我效能感部分中介创新奖励对创新行为的影响;在创新奖励强情境中,内激励偏好、外激励偏好分别正向调节创新奖励对创新自我效能感的影响,且正向调节创新奖励通过创新自我效能感影响创新行为的中介作用。研究揭示了当研发人员普遍认为创新工作内在激励不足时,在不同激励偏好下创新奖励是如何影响创新行为的,并有助于完善创新奖励制度以促进研发人员创新行为。     

组织公平、知识资本开发与技术创新能力的相关性研究——基于高科技中小风险企业的数据检验

组织公平是现代企业发展的潜在性要求,是行为经济理论在管理领域的深化。知识资本是现代企业的主体资本,是企业技术创新能力成长的源泉。组织公平与知识资本开发存在着高度的内在一致性。组织公平环境下的知识资本开发具有更大的成效,进而促进企业技术创新能力的成长。基于高科技中小风险企业的样本数据,经验性的研究揭示了组织公平效应的微观机理,从而为我国企业加强知识资本的开发与技术创新能力的培育提供现实性的理论借鉴。研究结果表明:组织公平环境下的知识资本开发显现出显著的成效,并显著地促进技术创新能力的成长,但在局部激励路径上有待改进。     

大飞机产业发展的财政政策支持

大飞机产业作为国家战略性产业,对国民经济发展和国家安全至关重要,是推动国家综合国力提升以及国家竞争优势形成的重要力量。大飞机产业的特殊性和战略性使得市场机制在产业发展中难以充分发挥效应。而政府的公共政策支持成为推动产业快速发展和竞争力不断提升的重要基石。政府通过财政补贴、税收政策、政府采购等方式来支持大飞机产业发展,并推动产业发展目标的实现。     

Estimating the public's social preference function between inflation and unemployment using survey data: The survey research center versus Gallup

Economists often use Gallup Poll data on presidential performance to analyze the interaction between politics and the state of the macroeconomy. The household survey undertaken by the Survey Research Center (SRC) of the University of Michigan provides an alternative data base. The SRC asks respondents about the government's performance specifically with respect to inflation and unemployment. We compare whether the Gallup or SRC data are the more useful for estimating the public's social preference function between inflation and unemployment for the Carter, Reagan, Bush and Clinton presidencies. The estimates that use Gallup Poll data are unsatisfactory because for two of the periods the coefficients of inflation and unemployment are not well estimated and for one period there is serial correlation of the residuals. The estimates using the SRC data set are satisfactory and the results are consistent with economic theory. We conclude that a researcher using survey data to estimate the public's reaction to varying rates of inflation and unemployment should prefer the SRC series when it is available. First version received: October 1995/final version received: July 1998     

资产选择、风险偏好与储蓄存款需求

本文以消费者最优资产选择模型为基础,采用局部均衡分析方法探讨了通货膨胀、股市收益波动、消费者风险偏好对储蓄存款需求的影响。2001年6月以后,通货膨胀方差下降,股市持续下跌,股市收益率下降,收益率方差也有所下降,但货币需求却加速增长。本文根据不同的相对风险回避指数,模拟了利率、通货膨胀、股市收益率、股市收益率方差等因素对2001年6月至2005年9月平均储蓄存款的影响。在适当的相对风险回避指数下,储蓄存款增加的30%左右可以由这些因素解释;如果不考虑GDP等规模变量,股市收益率下降是导致平均货币需求增长的主要因素。     

Role of constraints in Chinese calligraphic landscape experience: An extension of a leisure constraints model

The study of constraints in the leisure and tourism context has been a growing research theme during the past four decades. This article focused on participants' constraints that inhibit an experience of Chinese calligraphic landscapes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether three types of constraints existed in the context of a calligraphic landscape experience. A confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the fitness of the collected data for the hierarchical constraints model. This study also extended this hierarchical model to prove that some constraint dimensions do influence tourists' preference, participation and satisfaction. This research concluded that intrapersonal constraints had a negative influence on preference, while neither interpersonal nor structural dimension influenced tourists' participation or satisfaction.     

Application of Fuzzy Benchmarking Approach for Strategic Planning of Tourism Destination

The quality of strategic planning and resulting strategies is a key factor for the competitiveness of tourism destinations. Even though this is not a typical field where benchmarking methods are widely used, such an approach can be successfully applied. This article drafts a methodology for strategic benchmarking based on a quality evaluation of development strategies in tourism destinations. These strategies are evaluated by key regional stakeholders. The evaluation of fifteen selected strategies of the Czech, Slovak, and British regions has been made by an on-line application incorporating carefully defined criteria designed to operate with fuzzy data. The best strategies—as an etalon of good practice—are selected by the means of the fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. The Region of Vysocina was selected for realization of the benchmarking gap analysis towards all strategies from the etalon with the aim to identify the opportunities for quality enhancement and corresponding good practices.     

The impact of deal‐proneness on WTP estimates in incentive‐aligned value elicitation methods

Even after controlling for hypothetical biases, some incentive‐aligned value elicitation methods still produce different willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) estimates. In this study, we compare WTP estimates from three incentive‐aligned value elicitation methods: real choice experiment (RCE), real double‐bounded dichotomous contingent valuation (RCVM), and Becker–DeGroot–Marschak auction (BDM). We find that participants’ aggressiveness in obtaining low prices (i.e., “deal‐proneness”) influences WTP estimates in the BDM auction, but not those elicited from the RCE and RCVM. The participants with higher levels of deal‐proneness tend to submit lower bids in the BDM auction. The discrepancies in WTP estimates between different incentive‐aligned procedures are narrower for participants with lower levels of deal‐proneness. Our results indicate that the bids in BDM auctions may be understated and the auction mechanism may induce the “gambling behavior” of people who are deal‐prone. That is, whether the BDM auction is truly incentive‐aligned is again called into question. We also discuss the practical implications for food retailers.     

Representing preferences with nontransitive indifference by a single real-valued function

Let be an interval order on a topological space (X, τ), and let x _˜^* y if and only if [y z x z], and x _˜^** y if and only if [z x z y]. Then _˜^* and _˜^** are complete preorders. In the particular case when is a semiorder, let x _˜⁰ y if and only if x _˜^* y and x _˜^** y. Then _˜⁰ is a complete preorder, too. We present sufficient conditions for the existence of continuous utility functions representing _˜^*, _˜^** and _˜⁰, by using the notion of strong separability of a preference relation, which was introduced by Chateauneuf (Journal of Mathematical Economics, 1987, 16, 139–146). Finally, we discuss the existence of a pair of continuous functions u, υ representing a strongly separable interval order on a measurable topological space (X, τ, μ, ).